biology - 5d - defence against parasitic attack Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What does immune response in mammals have?

A

Both non- specific and specific aspects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are examples of non-specific defences?

A

Physical barriers, chemical secretions, inflammatory response, phagocytes, and natural killer cells destroying cells infected with viruses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of non-specific defences.

A

Epithelial tissue blocks the entry of parasites; hydrolytic enzymes in mucus, saliva and tears destroy bacterial cell walls; low pH environments of the secretions of stomach, vagina and sweat glands denatures cellular proteins of pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does injured cells releasing signalling molecules result in?

A

Enhanced blood flow to the site, bringing antimicrobial proteins and phagocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you kill parasites?

A

Using powerful enzymes contained in lysosomes, by engulfing them and storing them inside a vacuole in the process of phagocytosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can natural killer cells do?

A

Identify and attach to cells infected with viruses, releasing chemicals that lead to cell death by inducing apoptosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are examples of specific cellular defences?

A

A range of white blood cells constantly circulate, monitoring the tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If tissues become damaged or invaded, what do cells release?

A

Cytokines that increase blood flow resulting in non-specific and specific white blood cells accumulating at the site of infection or tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do the many difference lymphocytes in mammals each possess?

A

A receptor on its surface, which can potentially recognise a parasite antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does binding of an antigen to a lymphocyte’s receptor do?

A

It selects that lymphocyte to then divide and produce a clonal population of this lymphocyte.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do some selected lymphocytes do?

A

Produce antibodies, others can induce apoptosis in parasite-infected cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do antibodies possess?

A

Regions where the amino acid sequence varies greatly between different antibodies. This variable region gives the antibody its specificity for binding antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When the antigen binds to this binding site, what can the antigen-antibody complex formed result in?

A

Inactivation of the parasite, rendering it susceptible to a phagocyte, or can stimulate a response that results in cell lysis. Memory lymphocyte cells are also formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does initial antigen exposure produce?

A

Memory lymphocyte cells specific for that antigen that can produce a secondary response when the same antigen enters the body in the future. When this occurs antibody production is enhanced in terms of speed of production, concentration in blood and duration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly