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biology - 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the null hypothesis propose?

A

That there will be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment treatment.

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2
Q

When is the null hypothesis rejected?

A

If there is evidence for an effect, unlikely due to chance.

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3
Q

When do scientific ideas become accepted?

A

Once they have been checked independently.

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4
Q

What is peer review?

A

Specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication.

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5
Q

What do review articles do?

A

Summarise current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field.

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6
Q

What does the replication of experiments by others reduce?

A

The opportunity for dishonesty or the deliberate misuse of science.

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7
Q

What is the importance of integrity and honesty given by?

A

Unbiased presentation of results, citing and providing references, avoiding plagiarism.

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8
Q

In animal studies, what are used to avoid, reduce or minimise the harm to animals?

A

The concepts of replacement, reduction, and refinement.

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9
Q

What are some human ethics?

A

Informed consent, the right to withdraw, and confidentiality.

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10
Q

What must the value or quality of science investigations be justifiable in terms of?

A

The benefits of its outcome, including the pursuit of scientific knowledge.

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11
Q

As a result of the risks involved, what are many areas of scientific research?

A

Highly regulated and licensed by governments.

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12
Q

What can all influence scientific research?

A

Legislation, regulation, policy and funding.

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13
Q

What does legislation limit?

A

The potential for the misuse of studies and data.

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14
Q

What is validity?

A

Variables controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independent variable.

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15
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistent values in repeats and independent replicates.

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16
Q

What is accuracy?

A

Data, or means of data sets, are close to the true value.

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17
Q

What is precision?

A

Measured values are close to each other.

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18
Q

What is a pilot study used for?

A

To help plan procedures, assess validity and check techniques.

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19
Q

What does the pilot study allow?

A

Evaluation and modification of experimental design.
It allows the investigator to establish the number of repeat measurements required to give a representative value for each independent datum point.

20
Q

What can the use of a pilot study ensure?

A

An appropriate range of values for the independent variable.

21
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable that is changed in a scientific experiment.

22
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable being measured in a scientific experiment.

23
Q

What are multifactorial experimental designs?

A

A combination of more than one independent variable or combination of treatments.

24
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of the control of laboratory conditions?

A

It allows simple experiments to be conducted more easily than in the field. However, a drawback of a simple experiment is that its findings may not be applicable to a wider setting.

25
Q

In observational studies, what is the independent variable?

A

Not directly controlled by the investigator, for ethical or logistical reasons.

26
Q

What are observational studies good at detecting?

A

Correlation, but since they do not directly test a hypothesis, they are less useful for determining causation.

27
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

Other variables besides the independent variable may affect the dependent variable.

28
Q

In cases where confounding variables cannot easily be controlled, what could be used?

A

A randomised block design.

29
Q

How can randomised blocks of treatment and control groups be distributed?

A

In such a way that the influence of any confounding variable is likely to be the same across the treatment and control groups.

30
Q

What does the negative control do?

A

It provides results in the absence of a treatment.

31
Q

What is a positive control?

A

A treatment that is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs

32
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

A measurable change in the dependent variable as a result of a patient’s expectations, rather than changes in the independent variable.

33
Q

What does in vitro refer to?

A

The technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism.

34
Q

What does in vivo refer to?

A

Experimentation using a whole, living organism.

35
Q

What determines the appropriate sample size?

A

The extent of the natural variation within a population.

36
Q

What should a representative sample share?

A

The same mean and the same degree of variation about the mean as the population as a whole.

37
Q

What happens in randomised sampling?

A

Members of the population have an equal chance of being selected.

38
Q

What happens in systematise sampling?

A

Members of a population are selected at regular intervals.

39
Q

What happens in stratified sampling?

A

The population is divided into categories that are then sampled proportionally.

40
Q

What may variation in experimental results be due to?

A

The reliability of measurement methods and/or inherent variation in the specimens.

41
Q

How could the reliability of measuring instruments or procedures be determined?

A

By repeated measurements or readings of an individual datum point.

42
Q

What should be carried out to produce independent data sets?

A

Independent replication.

43
Q

What do discrete and continuous variables give rise to?

A

Qualitative, quantitative, or ranked data.

44
Q

What do error bars indicate?

A

The variability of data around a mean.

45
Q
A

advanced higher biology (33 decks)

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