unit 1 biochemistry Flashcards
1
Q
what elements are found in lipids
A
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
2
Q
what elements are found in carbohydrates
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
3
Q
what elements are found in proteins
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate
4
Q
what are the monomers of lipids
A
fatty acids and glycerol
5
Q
what are the monomers of carbohydrates
A
monosaccharides
6
Q
what are the monomers of proteins
A
amino acids
7
Q
what are 4 examples of lipids
A
fats (triglycerides)
phospholipids
steroids
waxes
8
Q
what are 5 examples of carbohydrates
A
glycogen/glucose
starch
cellulose
chitin
deoxyribose/ribose
9
Q
what are 6 examples of proteins
A
enzymes (ex. digestive enzymes)
hormones (ex insulin)
transporting proteins
immunoglobulins
collagen, keratin
muscle proteins
10
Q
what are the functions of fats
A
long term energy storage
11
Q
what are the functions of phospolipids
A
they’re a structural component of the cell membrane, and have a hydrophilic head with hydrophobic tails
12
Q
what are the functions of steroids
A
sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
13
Q
what are the functions of waxes
A
the waterproofing of the surface of a leaf, repelling water
14
Q
what is the function of glycogen/glucose
A
short term energy storage in animals
15
Q
what is the function of starch
A
amylose in plants, breaks down glucose
16
Q
what is the function of cellulose
A
structure and support; roughage fiber
17
Q
whats the function of chitin
A
exoskeleton in arthropods
18
Q
whats the function of deoxyribose and ribose
A
DNA/RNA
19
Q
whats the function of enzymes
A
speeding up the rate of reaction
20
Q
whats the function of hormones
A
chemical messengers or communicators
21
Q
whats the function of transporting proteins
A
transporting proteins like hemoglobin transport 02.
22
Q
whats the function of immunoglobulins
A
chemical defense or immunity
23
Q
whats the function of collagen and keratin
A
structural
24
Q
whats the function of muscle proteins
A
actin/myosin, movement
25
what is a primary protein structure
a sequence of amino acids joined by polypeptide bonds
26
what is a secondary protein structure
when the sequence of amino acids joined by polypeptide bonds form h-bonds to create a alpha helix or pleated sheet shape
27
what is a tertiary protein structure
when certain attractions are present between alpha helixes and pleated sheets; forms the 3D structure; occurs due to R-group temporary bonds; amino acids that have hydrophobic R groups go to the middle, while ones with hydrophilic R groups remain on the outside; this forms the 3d shape.
28
what is a quaternary protein structure
a protein consisting of more then 1 polypeptide chain.
29
what is denaturing
when H-bonds are broken via methods like heating and changing pH. this causes proteins to unfold and loose function.
30
what is the chemical formula for an amine group
NH2
31
what is the chemical formula for a carboxy group (carboxylic acid)
COOH
32
what is the empirical formula for a carbohydrate
(CH2O)n
33
what are the parts of a amino (from left to right)
amine group, R group, carboxylic acid group
34
whats a organic molecule
molecules or compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen (ex. C6H12O6)
35
whats an inorganic molecule
molecules or compounds that contain carbon or hydrogen or neither (ex. CO2)
36
what does pH stand for
parts per hydrogen
37
what do pH of 1-6.9 represent
acidic (lots of H+, less OH-)
38
what do pH of 7 represent
neutral
39
what do pH of 7.1-14 represent
basic (lots of OH-, less H+)
40
whats a polymer
3 or more monomers
41
whats a dimer
2 monomers
42
whats dehydration synthesis
the process of removing water (HOH) to join 2 monomers. removes 1 OH and 1 H, creating a H2O molecule. each bond creates 1 molecule of water.
43
whats hydrolysis
the process of adding water (HOH) to break the bond between 2 monomers.
44
how can you identify a carbohydrate name wise and what is the exception
usually ends in "ose". the exceptions are glycogen and starch.
45
what are 3 examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
46
what are 3 examples of disaccharides
maltose, sucrose, lactose
47
what are 3 examples of polysaccharides
starches, fiber (cellulose), glycogen
48
what is another name for a polysaccharide
complex carbohydrate
49
whats the indicator for glucose
benedicts
50
what does benedicts indicate, what is the negative and positive control
benedicts indicates for glucose. the negative is blue, and the positive is orange, revealed after heating up.
51
what is a pentose and examples
a pentose is a 5 carbon carbohydrate structure. some examples are deoxyribose and ribose.
52
what is the function of RNA (ribose)
ribose makes up RNA nucleotide. it's used to make proteins
53
what is the function of DNA (deoxyribose)
makes up hereditary info found in nucleus.
54
what is a hexose and examples
a 6 carbon sugar. an example is glucose (C6H12O6)
55
whats the function of a hexose
immediate source of energy used during cellular respiration to create usable energy (ATP)
56
what are the properties of a hexose
they can be easily transported across the cell membrane. they are permeable and soluble.
57
whats a isomer
same molecular formula, but with different shapes. this results in different properties.
58
what is a dissacharide
combination of 2+ monosaccharide monomers formed with dehydration synthesis and broken down with hydrolysis.
59
what is sucrose made of
glucose and fructose
60
what is the function of sucrose
for table sugar created and used by plants to transport sugar to roots or stems for storage
61
what is lactose made of
galactose and glucose. its used in milk sugar
62
what is maltose made of
glucose and glucose (2 glucose monomers) its used in germinating seeds and malt beverages like wine and beer.
63
whats a polysaccharide
hundreds of monosaccharides combined together wit dehydration synthesis and digested via hydrolysis
64
properties of a polysaccharide
insoluble
too big
doesn't transport through membrane
made only from glucose monomers
storage polysaccharides (starch) + structural polysaccharides (cellulose)
65
what is a glycogen
animal starch; found in animal's liver and muscle; can store for up to 24hrs.
66
what is a starch
plant starch; found in plant roots and stems; when we eat plants we hydrolyze(digest) this starch into glucose and harness the energy the plants are storing.
67
why do we eat cellulose
roughage, fiber, increasing intestinal movements
68
why cant we digest cellulose
no enzyme for it
69
whats the indicator for starch, along with the negative and positive controls
the indicator for starch is iodine. the negative is amber, and the positive is blue/black
70
whats the main characteristic of a lipid
hydrophobic
71
what are the functions of lipids
long term energy (9cal/g = 2.5x more then carbs/protein); cushion organs
72
what happens if you have too many lipids
heart disease; atherosclerosis (hardens arteries and creates a plaque blockage)
73
whats glycerol
a 3 carbon alcohol used as backbone in lipid synthesis
74
whats a fatty acid
composed of carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain
75
whats the difference between a sat and unsat fatty acid
saturated fatty acid has no carbon double bonds; unsaturated has 1+ carbon double bonds.
76
what are characteristics of a saturated fatty acid
solid at room temp, animal , increases chance of heart disease if you have too many
77
what are characteristics of a unsaturated fatty acid
less hydrogen atoms, bend due to the double bonds, increases transport in cell membrane, liquid at room temp, comes from oil in plants, decreases heart disease
78
whats a phospholipid made of (monomers)
glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate group
79
whats the nature of a phospholipid head
hydrophilic, polar, attracted to H2O
80
whats the nature of a phospholipid tail
hydrophobic, non-polar, repels H2O.
81
what is the outside and inside of a cell membrane filled with
extracellular fluid
82
whats an emulsifier
a substance that breaks fat into tiny droplets ex. soap, bile
83
whats an example of a wax
cutin. makes up outside of a leaf, prevents evaporation of water from surface of leaf
84
whats the lipid bilayer
2 layers of lipids around all cell and organelles
85
whats a steroid
lipids containing a steroid nucleus, which is a structure of 4 fused rings. found in cholesterol, bile salts, hormones, vitamin D
86
whats cholesterol
the main steroid; found in animal cell membranes; high levels of cholesterol lead to cardiovascular disease; prevents phospholipids from forming a solid fat; good in membranes bc it separates phospholipids, increasing fluidity and transport.
87
what are some examples of steroids
estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, cortisone
88
what does estrogen do
secondary sex characteristics; mensural cycle; hip widening; mammary glands
89
what does cortisone do
secondary sex characteristics; deep voice, muscle bulk, facial hair, sperm production
90
what does testosterone do
decrease inflammation
91
what does progesterone do
thickens uterus lining in preparation for pregnancy
92
how many amino acids are essential
10
93
what are essential amino acids
ones that you must get from food, and cannot create. you ingest them, and then digest them.
94
how may amino acid are non-essential
10
95
what are non-essential amino acids
ones that we produce in our bodies, specifically in our liver. it creates them via amination/transamination, which is the moving of amine groups
96
whats amination
to make a amino acid in a plant, by using the nitrogen in the soil.
97
whats deamination
to remove the amine groups (NH2); theyre converted to urea, then to urine in the liver; NH2 is toxic;
98
why do we eat proteins
to rearrange the amino acids into a different protein
99
what does the order of a amino acid determine
the structure and function
100
what is a peptide bond
the name of the bond formed when 2 amino acids bond
101
what is a dipeptide
two amino acids bonded together
102
what is a polypeptide
when many amino acids link together to form a polypeptide or protein (>50)
103
what is the smallest protein
insulin, which decreases blood sugar. allows sugar to go into cells -> glycogen (branched storage); energy used in cell resp;
104
what is a polar compouind
a compound that has a partial positive and negative charge, also soluble in water.
105
why is carbon a good element to form the base of all organic molecules
because it can form 4 bonds.
106
how do cells use carbs to get energy, and why do they need the enrgy
they use cellular respiration to create energy. they need the energy to drive metabolic processes like dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
107
why is the structure of a phospholipid ideal for the structure and function of a cell membrane
creates and separates two environments; a hydrophobic inside and a hydrophilic outside.
108
why are triglycerides efficient energy storage
long C-H chains allow for lots of energy to be storage in the bonds
109
why are steroids still a lipid
because they're hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
110
how do you identify a unsat fatty acid
1 carbon double bonds, bent
111
how do you identify a saturated fatty aciod
no bend, straight, no carbon double bonds
112
how do you identify a polyunsaturated fat
2+ carbon double bonds, bent
113
what is starch an example of
carb
114
what is cholesterol an example of
lipid
115
what is steroid an example of
lipid
116
what is glycogen an example of
carb
117
what is enzymes an example of
protein
118
what is a saturated fat an example of
lipid
119
what is polypeptide chain a example of
protein
120
what is glucose an example of
carb
121
what is polysaccharide an example of
carb
122
what is phospholipid an example of
lipid
123
what is glycerol an example of
carb (used in lipid)
124
what is monosaccharide an example of
carb
125
what is cellulose an example of
carb
126
what is amino acid an example of
protein
127
what is unsat fatty acid an example of
lipiod
128
whats provides long term energy storage for animals
lipid
129
what provides immediate energy
glucose
130
what is responsible for sex hormones
steroid
131
what is responsible for short term energy storage in plants
amylose
132
what is responsible for animal and plant structures
polysaccharides
133
what forms the cell membranes of all cells
phospholipid
134
what speeds of chem reactions by lowering activation energy
enzyme
135
what is an example of a single sugar
monosaccharide
136
what is a monomer of protein
amino acid
137
what provides long term energy storage for plants
amylose and starch
138
what seroid makes up pat of the cell membranes
cholesterol
139
what is the 3 carbon backbone of a fat
glyceriol
140
what provides short term energy storage for animals
glycogen
141
what has many suigars
polysaccharide
142
what forms the cell wall of plant cells
cellulose
143
what is found in spinach
cellulose
144
what is found in beef jerky
proteinw
145
what is found in bacon
protein
146
what is found in celery
cellulose
147
what is found in soy beans
proteinw
148
what is found in cranberries
glucose
149
what is found in egg whites
protein
150
what is found in noodles
starch
151
what is found in orange juice
glucoseh
152
what is found in cheese
saturated fatsw
153
what is found in wheat
starch
154
what is found in table sugars
glucose
155
what is found in popcorn
starch
156
what is found in lobster
protein
157
what is found in sesame soil
unsat fat
158
whats only found in animals
sat fat
steroids
glycogen
159
whats only found in plants
cellulose
starch
160
whats found in both animals and plants
protein, amino acids, monosaccharides, glucose, enzymes, polysaccharides, phospholipids
161
what is atp
adenosine triphosphate
162
5 functions of protein
immune; immunoglobulin
transport; hemoglobin
storage; casein
signal; hormone insulin
structural; keratin
163
which complex carb has many branches, and which one has a few branches
glycogen has many branches, and starch has a few branches
164
at what protein structure level are peptide bonds important
primary
165
what is a disulfide bond
when cysteine amino acids interact with each other to form covalent disulfide bonds that stabilize protein structure
166
