enzymes

Question 1

what is an enzyme an example of

Answer 1

a functional protein

Question 2

what monomer is enzymes made of

Answer 2

amino acids

Question 3

how do i identify an enzyme by name

Answer 3

ends in “ase”

Question 4

what makes an enzyme

Answer 4

polypeptide chains between amino acids

Question 5

whats the minimum number of amino acids in an enzyme

Answer 5

50

Question 6

what is the primary structure in an enzyme and what bond is involved

Answer 6

order of amino acids determined by DNA sequence, with polypeptide bonds between amino acids

Question 7

what is secondary structure in an enzyme and what bond is involved

Answer 7

alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets; form by H-bonds between amino acids.

Question 8

what is the tertiary structure in an enzyme and what bond is involved

Answer 8

3D folding, formed by R-group interactions (ionic, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic)

Question 9

what is the quaternary structure in an enzyme

Answer 9

2 or more polypeptide chains.

Question 10

what is an enzyme and its function

Answer 10

a organic catalyst that speeds up rate of rxn in organic processes by lowering activation energy.

Question 11

whats activation energy

Answer 11

minimum amount of energy needed to start reaction

Question 12

are enzymes changed or used in a reaction

Answer 12

no

Question 13

what quantities are enzymes effective in

Answer 13

minute quantities

Question 14

why are enzymes specific

Answer 14

because they can only catalyze one substance, and this substance is called a substrate.

Question 15

what do cofactors and coenzymes do

Answer 15

increase rate of enzyme in catalyzed reaction

Question 16

what are coenzymes

Answer 16

organic molecules that are required by certain enzymes to carry out the chemical reaction

Question 17

how do coenzymes work

Answer 17

attach to enzyme and allow substrate to bond and reaction occurs (ex. Vitamin D)

Question 18

what are cofactors often classified as

Answer 18

metal ion substances (ex. Fe)

Question 19

what do inhibitors do

Answer 19

slow rate of reaction in enzyme catalyzed reaction

Question 20

what is a irreversible inhibitor

Answer 20

one that bonds to the enzyme and doesnt come off, permanently blocking it (ex. lead)

Question 21

what is a reversible inhibitor

Answer 21

one that forms a temporary bond and slows the rate of rxn while bound. it can be overcome by adding more substrates.

Question 22

what does the attaching and removing of a reversible inhibitor create

Answer 22

feedback that allows for normal body regulation. increasing a substance stimulates release, and inhibiting it decreases the amount. this allows for us to stay in the small range of homeostasis.

Question 23

what are competitive inhibitors.

Answer 23

inhibitors that closely match the substrate and compete for the active site with the substrate. it lowers the likelyhood of a enzyme binding to a substrate, decreasing overall rate of reaction

Question 24

whats an example of a competitive inhibitor

Answer 24

antibiotics

Question 25

how does ph relate to enzymes

Answer 25

enzymes can only function optimally at a certain pH, and will denature as it deviates from that. a change in pH leads to breaking bonds that hold the tertiary structure of the enzyme together.

Question 26

whats the optimal temperature for most enzymes, and what happens if you go past it or before it.

Answer 26

37c or 98.6 F. if you go past it, the enzyme will start to denature. if you go before it, the enzyme’ rate of reaction will slow down

Question 27

what is substrate concentration

Answer 27

when there is a fixed amt of enzyme and increasing amount o substrate.

Question 28

what happens when substrate concentration is increased

Answer 28

rate of reaction increases until it hits the optimum rate. after this point, it’ll stay constant unless more enzymes are added. as it increases, the enzyme becomes saturated

Question 29

whats a saturated enzyme

Answer 29

when all enzymes are engaged in a ES complex

Question 30

whats enzyme concentration

Answer 30

when theres a fixed amt of substrate but an increasing amt of enzyme

Question 31

what happens as enzyme concentration increases

Answer 31

rate of reaction increases rapidly then levels off unless more substrates are added

Question 32

whats ES complex

Answer 32

when an enzyme and substrate combine and start a reaction

Question 33

whats a metabolic pathway

Answer 33

1 sequence of enzymatic reactions

Question 34

whats a metabolism

Answer 34

sum of all the chemical processes in an organism

Question 35

what 2 factors can be used to speed p enzymatic reactions

Answer 35

increasing temp before optimum, increasing substrate and enzyme concentration

Question 36

what three factors can lead to denaturing of enzymes

Answer 36

changing pH level, increasing temp past optimum, irreversible inhibitor, non-comp inhibitor

Question 37

what is an allosteric enzyme

Answer 37

one that has two sites; a active and regulatory site. non-competitive inhibitors can bind with the regulatory site to either enable or shut down the reaction. these are called activators and repressors respectively.

Question 38

what is feedback inhibition

Answer 38

when the product of a reaction gives feedback, and allows for regulation of the reaction, via turning it on or off.

Question 39

whats a anabolic reaction

Answer 39

a reaction in which bonds are formed (dehydration synthesis)

Question 40

what is a catabolic reaciton

Answer 40

a reaction in which bonds are broken (digestion, hydrolysis, cell respiration)

Question 41

whats an exorgenic reaction

Answer 41

a catabolic reaction where energy is released, and bonds are broken. it is spontaneous