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cells and transport test Flashcards

1
Q

what’s the cell theory

A

a theory that states that:
all organism are made of cells
cells are the basic unit of life
all cells are produced from other cells

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2
Q

what is passive transport

A

when no energy is used to move molecules, using concentration

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3
Q

what are the three types of passive transport

A
  1. diffusion: moves molecules from area of high concentration to low
  2. facilitated diffusion: type of passive transport that increases rate of diffusion with the help of transport proteins
  3. osmosis: movement of water from high to low concentration using aquaporin
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4
Q

what is a uniport transport protein

A

one that allows 1 molecule in 1 direction

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5
Q

what is a symport protein

A

one that allows 2 types of molecules in 1 direction

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6
Q

what is a antipart protein

A

one that allows 2 types of molecules in 2 different directions

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7
Q

what is dynamic equilibrium

A

homeostasis; maintain stable internal environment

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8
Q

what is a metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions in a body

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9
Q

what is the cell membrane composed of

A

a phospholipid bilayer, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

contains the lipid (bilayer) protein (channels) and carbohydrate chains (identification cords)

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10
Q

what is a integral protein

A

one that spans the membrane

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11
Q

what is a peripheral protein

A

one that is one side or the other on the protein (lies on surface)

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12
Q

what are the three exceptions to cell theory

A
  1. the first cell
  2. mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA and can reproduce on their own
  3. viruses have DNA. but can produce and have organelles; must have a host organism to reproduce
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13
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A

where did mitochondria + chloroplast come from? thought that they were originally prokaryotes that a eukaryotic cell engulfed and overtime found that both benefited from the symbiotic relationship. evidence is that it has a plasma membrane, ribosomes and DNA

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14
Q

what organelles are not found in plant cells

A

centrioles, lysosome

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15
Q

what organelles are not found in animal cells

A

cell wall, chloroplast,central vacuoles

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16
Q

what is the function of cell membrane

A

selective permeability; structure and support and protection

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17
Q

what is the function of the rough ER

A

protein synthesis and transport, and highly developed in protein exporting cells like liver

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18
Q

structure of rough ER

A

interconnected membranes that spread throughout the cytoplasm forming channels of flattened sacs with ribosomes attached.

is continuous with nucleus, and channels transport proteins made by ribosomes

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19
Q

function of smooth ER

A

synthesize and transport lipids and steroids. detoxify drugs and break down alcohol

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20
Q

structure of smooth er

A

smooth appearance and has similar channels to rough er, but are tubular.

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21
Q

function of golgi body

A

takes proteins exported from both ER, modifies and encloses them in vesicles and exports out of cell.

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22
Q

structure of golgi

A

flattened stack of membranes

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23
Q

function of lysosome

A

digest and dispose of foreign particles, malfunctioning structures and worn out organelles

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24
Q

structure of lysosome

A

contends of them are contained in vesicles. contains 40 or so digestive enzymes.

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25
function of mitochondria
to do cellular respiration that produce ATP and contain it. glucose + oxygen make ATP, CO2 and water. these reactions are called aerobic respiration
26
structure of mitochondria
double membrane that create two areas in mitochondria called matrix and cristae
27
function of nucleus
control metabolic processes and contain DNA
28
structure of nucleus
surrounded by a membrane similar to cell membrane. nuclear pores are in this membrane that allow for the nucleus to communicate with cytoplasm. substances can also go in.
29
structure of nucleolus
rich in RNA and synthesis of ribosomes
30
structure of nucleolus
consists of densely packed chromosomes protein and RNA from which subunits of ribosomes are formed
31
what's a chloroplast
called a plastid (specialized plant cell organelles), which is oval shaped and found by a double membrane and important to photosynthesis. contains pigment which contains chlorophyll.
32
function of vacuole
store stuff like ions, metabolic products and toxic compounds. main function is to increase cell size and surface area so that the absorption of ions is enhanced
33
structure of vacuole
fluid filled bound by cell membrane
34
what is a vesicle
small vacuole
35
function of chromosome
carry genetic code
36
structure of chromosome
dna
37
function of cell wall
allow for withstanding of high internal pressure without bursting, structural support
38
structure of cell wall
made of cellulose
39
function of centrioles
pull chromosomes apart during mitosis
40
structure of centrioles
paired cylindrical organelles near nucleus that may perpendicularly to each other
41
function of ribosome
site of protein synthesis where AA are made into proteins w directions from DNA
42
what is cytoskeleton
arrangement of structural proteins that give the cell its shape and support it is made of many proteins
43
what is microfilament
long thing protein fibres that give a cell its shape and allow it to move and also aids in cell division and cell shape
44
what are microtubules
hollow tubes of protein that move chromosomes, move the cell and maintain cell shape
45
what are cilia
small numerous microtubules that lie on outside of membrane and serve to allow them to move around
46
what are flagella
large usually singular microtubule that allows for a cell to move
47
what is a isotonic solution
one that has equal extracellular and intracellular solute concentration (ex. 10% outside, 10% inside)
48
what is a solute
the substance that is dissolved in water
49
what is solvent (in this unit)
water
50
what happens to cells when placed in an isotonic solution
movement of water into the cell is equal to the movement of water outside
51
what happens to a plant cell in a isotonic solution
it becomes flaccid
52
what happens to a animal cell in a isotonic solution
it becomes normal (ideal)
53
what is a hypotonic solution
a solution in which the extracellular solution has a lower concentration of solutes then the intracellular solution (ex. 2% outside, 8% inside)
54
what happens when water moves through plasma membrane in a hypotonic solution
it swells
55
what happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution
cell lyses
56
what is cell lyses
when a animal cell bursts because water enters the cell. it goes from hypotonic to hypertonic
57
what happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution
the central vacuole fills up with water and pushes on the wall, making it crisp and healthy. this is called turgor pressure. also known as turgid
58
What is a hypertonic solution
a solution in which the extracellular solution has a higher concentration of solutes then the intracellular solution (ex. 8% outside, 2% inside)
59
what happens when water moves through the plasma membrane in a hypertonic solution
it moves out of the cell and causes the cell to shrink (lose water)
60
what happens when a animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution
it crenates (shrinks and dies)
61
what happens when an plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution
it will plasmolyze (loose water)
62
what is plasmolysis
the loss of water by a plant causing the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall. it causes the plant to wilt, and eventually die if no water is given.
63
what factors affect passive transport
temperature, size of the molecule, size of the concentration gradient, number of transport proteins (for facilitated diffusion)
64
what happens when temp is changed in passive transport
if increase temp, increase molecular motion if decrease temp, decrease molecular motion
65
what happens if you change the size of the molecule in passive transport
if they are smaller, the rate of diffusion increases if they are bigger, the rate of diffusion decreases
66
what happens if you change the size of the concentration gradient
greater gradient = faster rate
67
what happens if you change the number of transport proteins
the transport proteins can be saturated, similar to enzymes. it can only transport a max number at a time. if you increase number of proteins, rate of reaction increases
68
what is active transport
active transport is ion transport against the concentration gradient using transport proteins. allows for movement of large, complex molecules that cannot move via passive transport, using vesicles/vacuoles
69
what are the 2 categories of active transport
transport with a transport protein/pump bulk transport (endocytosis and exocytosis)
70
how does active transport via a protein pump work
uses atp to power a change in protein shape to bring ions or molecules into/out of the cell, against the concentration gradient.
71
what ratio must be kept in a sodium/potassium pump
3 sodium to 2 potassium 3:2
72
what is endocytosis
the process in which a cell surrounds and takes in materials from the environment two types: phagocytosis and pinocytosis
73
what is phagocytosis
engulfing of solid particles
74
what is pinocytosis
taking in a dissolved particle
75
what is exocytosis
when a material exits a cell
76
what is exocytosis used for
excretion and secretion
77
examples of excretion in exocytosis
removal of metabolic waste; cellular waste such as urine, sweat; products of reactions
78
examples of secretion in excytosis
saliva, oils, mucous
79
what do vacuoles hold
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
80
what do centrioles pull apart
nucleic acid
81
what do chloroplasts make
glucose (carbohydrates) via photosynthesis
82
what are made in endoplasmic reticulum
lipids, proteins
83
what does golgi put into packets
proteins
84
what does mitochondria use to make ATP
glucose (carbohydrate)
85
what do ribosomes use as instructions
nucleic acid
86
what do ribosomes make
protein
87
what is cholesterol
structure that helps move molecules across the cell membrane `
88
what condition do animal cells require
isotonic
89
what conditions do plant cells require
hypotonic (to make them have turgor to stand up)
90

honors bio (5 decks)

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