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evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does lamarck’s theory of evolution base itself off

A

evolution driven by need to improve

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2
Q

2 main components of lamarck’s theory of evolution

A

favourable characteristics and inherited characteristics

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3
Q

what are favorable characteristics

A

traits that’re used in an organism’s lifetime, while traits that aren’t used diminish

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4
Q

what are inherited characteristics

A

offspring born with traits achieved by parents

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5
Q

what did darwin’s theory of evolution propose

A

the theory of natural selection

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6
Q

whats the alteration of an existing species known as

A

microevolution

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7
Q

whats the creation of a new species known as

A

macroevolution

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8
Q

what are the 4 parts of darwin’s theory of evolution

A

potential for rapid reproduction
limiting factors (resources) that stay the same
competition for survival, reproduction, food, mates
variation in structure or behaviour

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9
Q

what is a “fittest” organism

A

the organism that is best adapted w/ favorable variation

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10
Q

what is carrying capacity

A

max # of organism an environment can support

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11
Q

what is overpopulation

A

producing more then that the environment can support

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12
Q

what is natural selection

A

the fittest organism survive and produce offspring

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13
Q

how can macroevolution occur

A

instant speciation or gradual accumulation of mutations

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14
Q

what is an example of instant speciation

A

2n -> 4n

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15
Q

what does the modern theory of evolution state

A

genetic makeup of a population changes overtime driven by natural selection

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16
Q

what does variation arise from

A

mutation, crossing over, independent assortment, segregation (meosis) + recombination (fertilization)

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17
Q

what are the 2 accepted pace theories of evolution

A

gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

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18
Q

what is gradualism

A

slow change over time that takes millions of years for evolution to occur

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19
Q

what is punctuated equilibrium

A

instant speciation, a new species is created rapidly ex. 2n -> 4n

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20
Q

what are fossil records

A

relics of the past, used as evidence of evolution

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21
Q

how do fossils form

A

organism dies at right place at right time

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22
Q

what trend is found the deeper you go in the earth’s crust in terms of fossils

A

the deeper you go, the older the organisms.

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23
Q

what type of rock are fossils found in

A

sedimentary rock, amber, tar, ice

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24
Q

what are the 2 anatomical similarities we can compare

A

homologous structures, analogous structures

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25
Q

whats a homologous structure?

A

similar structures, with different functions.

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26
Q

what do homologous structures demonstratr

A

divergent evolution

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27
Q

what is an example of a homologous strucutre

A

5 digits (fingers) found across different animals

28
Q

what does the presence of homologous structures suggest

A

there was a common ancestor at some point, but they seperated and formed new species

29
Q

what are analogous structures

A

different structures, similar functions

30
Q

what do analogous structures demonstrate

A

convergent evolution

31
Q

what is an example of a analogous structure

A

wings of dragonfly vs wings of hummingbird

32
Q

what is comparative embryology

A

the comparison of early embryo stages

33
Q

explain comparative embryology

A

during the embryo stage, the closer two organism are, the more similar parts they have to develop.
this means evolutionarily similar organism look similar as embryos.

34
Q

what are biochemical differences

A

difference of amino acid sequences, DNA hybridization

35
Q

what is an amino acid sequence

A

amino acid order to make a protein

36
Q

what is dna hybridization

A

comparing dna sequences

37
Q

whats an example of amino acid sequences

A

sample of protein cytochrome C

38
Q

example of dna hybridization

A

dna footprint

39
Q

what process is used in dna hybridization

A

gel electrophresis

40
Q

4 evidence of evolution

A

fossils, anatomical similarities, comparative embryology, biochemical differences

41
Q

what does directional selection look like

A

standard distribution shifts to one extreme

42
Q

what is directional sleection

A

one extreme phenotype in a population is favored (ex. peppered moth)

43
Q

what does stabilizing selection look like

A

shifts to favor the intermediate (middle) phenotype. becomes tall and skinny in middle

44
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

intermediation phenotype is favored in environment (ex. birthweights)

45
Q

what does disruptive selection look like

A

both extreme phenotypes spikes up, intermediate drops down

46
Q

what is a species

A

an organism that can interbreed + produce fertile offspring

47
Q

what is disruptive selection

A

two extreme phenotypes in a population favoured in environment (ex. Himalayan rabbits white vs black, no spotted)

48
Q

what is speciation

A

development of new species

49
Q

what causes speciation

A

when different populations of the same species experience different selective pressures, causing them to evolve differently.

50
Q

what 5 conditions must be met for a population to be in equilibrium?

A
  1. Random mating
  2. no mutation
  3. no gene flow
  4. large population
  5. no natural selection
51
Q

what is hardy-weinberg equation

A

p + q = 1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

52
Q

what causes reproductive isolation

A

infertile offspring
allele change causing different mating ties
mating behaviors different
anatomical differences
egg + sperm have diff. species receptors

53
Q

what is origin of life

A

life developed from simple to complex:
autotrophic unicellular -> heterotrophic unicellular -> multicellular

54
Q

how were organic molecules made

A

hot lightning + ch3 made: amino acid monomers, glucose, fatty acid + glycerol

55
Q

what is chemosynthetic

A

organism that uses chemicals to make their own food. found in deep ocean trenches

56
Q

what is gene flow

A

transfer of genetic material from one population to another, via immigration and emigration.

57
Q

what is genetic drift

A

shift in allele frequencies

58
Q

what is the loss of alleles in a population called

A

extinction

59
Q

whats a vestigal structure

A

structures that have reduced in size b/c they no longer have a function (ex. tail bone)

60
Q

what can cause bottleneck

A

catastrophic event (natural disasters)

61
Q

what is random mating

A

mating without the consideration of favorable characteristics

62
Q

2 ways of finding age of fossil

A

relative and absolute dating

63
Q

what is relative dating

A

using location in layer to determine approx. age

64
Q

what is absolute dating

A

measurement of carbon-14 decay

65
Q

what is biogeography

A

study of how and why plants and animals live where they do. provides evidence for evolution

66
Q

what is adaptive radiation

A

when a species evolves to fill many niches

67
Q

what does a cladogram show

A

how organism are related by descent from common ancestors

honors bio (5 decks)

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