evolution

Question 1

what does lamarck’s theory of evolution base itself off

Answer 1

evolution driven by need to improve

Question 2

2 main components of lamarck’s theory of evolution

Answer 2

favourable characteristics and inherited characteristics

Question 3

what are favorable characteristics

Answer 3

traits that’re used in an organism’s lifetime, while traits that aren’t used diminish

Question 4

what are inherited characteristics

Answer 4

offspring born with traits achieved by parents

Question 5

what did darwin’s theory of evolution propose

Answer 5

the theory of natural selection

Question 6

whats the alteration of an existing species known as

Answer 6

microevolution

Question 7

whats the creation of a new species known as

Answer 7

macroevolution

Question 8

what are the 4 parts of darwin’s theory of evolution

Answer 8

potential for rapid reproduction
limiting factors (resources) that stay the same
competition for survival, reproduction, food, mates
variation in structure or behaviour

Question 9

what is a “fittest” organism

Answer 9

the organism that is best adapted w/ favorable variation

Question 10

what is carrying capacity

Answer 10

max # of organism an environment can support

Question 11

what is overpopulation

Answer 11

producing more then that the environment can support

Question 12

what is natural selection

Answer 12

the fittest organism survive and produce offspring

Question 13

how can macroevolution occur

Answer 13

instant speciation or gradual accumulation of mutations

Question 14

what is an example of instant speciation

Answer 14

2n -> 4n

Question 15

what does the modern theory of evolution state

Answer 15

genetic makeup of a population changes overtime driven by natural selection

Question 16

what does variation arise from

Answer 16

mutation, crossing over, independent assortment, segregation (meosis) + recombination (fertilization)

Question 17

what are the 2 accepted pace theories of evolution

Answer 17

gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

Question 18

what is gradualism

Answer 18

slow change over time that takes millions of years for evolution to occur

Question 19

what is punctuated equilibrium

Answer 19

instant speciation, a new species is created rapidly ex. 2n -> 4n

Question 20

what are fossil records

Answer 20

relics of the past, used as evidence of evolution

Question 21

how do fossils form

Answer 21

organism dies at right place at right time

Question 22

what trend is found the deeper you go in the earth’s crust in terms of fossils

Answer 22

the deeper you go, the older the organisms.

Question 23

what type of rock are fossils found in

Answer 23

sedimentary rock, amber, tar, ice

Question 24

what are the 2 anatomical similarities we can compare

Answer 24

homologous structures, analogous structures

Question 25

whats a homologous structure?

Answer 25

similar structures, with different functions.

Question 26

what do homologous structures demonstratr

Answer 26

divergent evolution

Question 27

what is an example of a homologous strucutre

Answer 27

5 digits (fingers) found across different animals

Question 28

what does the presence of homologous structures suggest

Answer 28

there was a common ancestor at some point, but they seperated and formed new species

Question 29

what are analogous structures

Answer 29

different structures, similar functions

Question 30

what do analogous structures demonstrate

Answer 30

convergent evolution

Question 31

what is an example of a analogous structure

Answer 31

wings of dragonfly vs wings of hummingbird

Question 32

what is comparative embryology

Answer 32

the comparison of early embryo stages

Question 33

explain comparative embryology

Answer 33

during the embryo stage, the closer two organism are, the more similar parts they have to develop. this means evolutionarily similar organism look similar as embryos.

Question 34

what are biochemical differences

Answer 34

difference of amino acid sequences, DNA hybridization

Question 35

what is an amino acid sequence

Answer 35

amino acid order to make a protein

Question 36

what is dna hybridization

Answer 36

comparing dna sequences

Question 37

whats an example of amino acid sequences

Answer 37

sample of protein cytochrome C

Question 38

example of dna hybridization

Answer 38

dna footprint

Question 39

what process is used in dna hybridization

Answer 39

gel electrophresis

Question 40

4 evidence of evolution

Answer 40

fossils, anatomical similarities, comparative embryology, biochemical differences

Question 41

what does directional selection look like

Answer 41

standard distribution shifts to one extreme

Question 42

what is directional sleection

Answer 42

one extreme phenotype in a population is favored (ex. peppered moth)

Question 43

what does stabilizing selection look like

Answer 43

shifts to favor the intermediate (middle) phenotype. becomes tall and skinny in middle

Question 44

what is stabilizing selection

Answer 44

intermediation phenotype is favored in environment (ex. birthweights)

Question 45

what does disruptive selection look like

Answer 45

both extreme phenotypes spikes up, intermediate drops down

Question 46

what is a species

Answer 46

an organism that can interbreed + produce fertile offspring

Question 47

what is disruptive selection

Answer 47

two extreme phenotypes in a population favoured in environment (ex. Himalayan rabbits white vs black, no spotted)

Question 48

what is speciation

Answer 48

development of new species

Question 49

what causes speciation

Answer 49

when different populations of the same species experience different selective pressures, causing them to evolve differently.

Question 50

what 5 conditions must be met for a population to be in equilibrium?

Answer 50

1. Random mating 2. no mutation 3. no gene flow 4. large population 5. no natural selection

Question 51

what is hardy-weinberg equation

Answer 51

p + q = 1 p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Question 52

what causes reproductive isolation

Answer 52

infertile offspring allele change causing different mating ties mating behaviors different anatomical differences egg + sperm have diff. species receptors

Question 53

what is origin of life

Answer 53

life developed from simple to complex: autotrophic unicellular -> heterotrophic unicellular -> multicellular

Question 54

how were organic molecules made

Answer 54

hot lightning + ch3 made: amino acid monomers, glucose, fatty acid + glycerol

Question 55

what is chemosynthetic

Answer 55

organism that uses chemicals to make their own food. found in deep ocean trenches

Question 56

what is gene flow

Answer 56

transfer of genetic material from one population to another, via immigration and emigration.

Question 57

what is genetic drift

Answer 57

shift in allele frequencies

Question 58

what is the loss of alleles in a population called

Answer 58

extinction

Question 59

whats a vestigal structure

Answer 59

structures that have reduced in size b/c they no longer have a function (ex. tail bone)

Question 60

what can cause bottleneck

Answer 60

catastrophic event (natural disasters)

Question 61

what is random mating

Answer 61

mating without the consideration of favorable characteristics

Question 62

2 ways of finding age of fossil

Answer 62

relative and absolute dating

Question 63

what is relative dating

Answer 63

using location in layer to determine approx. age

Question 64

what is absolute dating

Answer 64

measurement of carbon-14 decay

Question 65

what is biogeography

Answer 65

study of how and why plants and animals live where they do. provides evidence for evolution

Question 66

what is adaptive radiation

Answer 66

when a species evolves to fill many niches

Question 67

what does a cladogram show

Answer 67

how organism are related by descent from common ancestors