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health & social care > Unit 1 B- Factors Affecting Human Growth and Development > Flashcards

Unit 1 B- Factors Affecting Human Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by nature?

A

genetic inheritance and other biological factors

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2
Q

What is meant by nurture?

A

the influence of external factors after conception such as social and environmental factors

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3
Q

Name the 3 theories which relate to nature and nurture

A
  • Gesell’s maturation theory (nature)
  • Bandura social learning theory (nature)
  • Stress-diathesis model (nurture and nature)
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4
Q

Explain Gesell’s maturation theory

A
  • he researched children’s development
  • his findings were used to establish norms and milestones and development was predetermined and the environment had little influence.
  • if there was problems with a child’s development it was heredity.
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5
Q

Explain Bandura’s social learning theory

A
  • suggests that people learn through observation of others and by imitating their behaviour
  • he based his experiment on aggressive behaviour of children demonstrated on a doll after watching a role model be aggressive.
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6
Q

What are the 4 stages of Bandura’s social learning theory?

A

1 - child notices someone else’s behaviour
2 - child internalises the action by remembering the behaviour
3 - might not copy it straight away but will reproduce the behaviour when the situation occurs
4 - depending on the outcome (positive or negative reinforcement) children will either repeat behaviour or stop

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7
Q

Explain the stress-diathesis model?

A
  • helps explain how stress is caused by life events can interact with a person genetic vulnerability to impact their mental wellbeing.
  • some people are born with biological or genetic predisposition to a psychological disorder, which might not develop if they don’t experience in their life
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8
Q

What is genetic predisposition?

A

inherited genes that determine physical growth and development, health and appearance

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9
Q

What are the 8 conditions which can be caused by genetic predispositions?

A
  • cystic fibrosis
  • brittle bone disease
  • phenylketonuria (PKU)
  • huntington’s disease
  • klinefelter syndrome
  • down’s syndrome
  • colour blindness
  • duchenne muscular dystrophy
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10
Q

Explain cystic fibrosis

A
  • caused by a faulty gene
  • results in a defective protein being produced that causes the lungs to become clogged with thick mucus. This causes problems with absorbing nourishment from food and they might suffer with respiratory and chest infections.
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11
Q

What treatments are there to helps cystic fibrosis?

A
  • physiotherapy which clears the mucus from lungs

- various drugs - help control breathing and throat and lung infections

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12
Q

Explain brittle bone disease

A
  • can be passed on by parents or developed from genetic mutation.
  • high risk of fracturing or breaking bones easily, this is because their bones don’t develop with right amount of protein
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13
Q

What treatments are there to help brittle bone disease?

A

physiotherapy
assistive equipment
drug treatments - which strengthen bones

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14
Q

Explain phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

genetic disorder that prevents child from breaking down phenylalanine, an amino acid found in foods

  • causes a build-up of harmful substances in the body which damages brain development.
  • can’t be cured
  • untreated PKU leads to severe learning disabilities and death
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15
Q

What are the treatments for phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

babies are screened by heel-prick blood test. If high levels of phenylalanine, treatment will start e.g special diet and medication to prevent build-up

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16
Q

Explain huntington’s disease

A
  • develops between 35-55 years old
  • is an inherited genetic disorder
  • causes progressive damage to nerve cells in brain
  • affects muscle coordination and decline in mental health and behavioural changes.
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17
Q

Explain klinefelter syndrome

A
  • occurs in boys with XXY
  • baby is slow to reach milestones, born with undescended testicles, poor muscle power etc.
  • most people can live with the condition
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18
Q

Explain down’s syndrome

A
  • genetic disorder which results from an extra chromosome
  • causes learning disabilities, different physical features and associated medical issues
  • lowers life expectancy
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19
Q

Explain colour blindness

A
  • where someone does not have a colour perception
  • genetic
  • does not lead to long-term health problems
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20
Q

Explain duchenne muscular dustrophy

A
  • caused by genetic mutations on the X chromosome
  • prevents body from producing a vital muscle protein, dystrophin, which is essential for building and repairing muscles
  • severely disabling
  • survival over the age of 30 is rare
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21
Q

What is cancer?

A

is a cell disease

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22
Q

What does cancer cause?

A

results in cells becoming abnormal and dividing

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23
Q

What can cause cancer?

A

environment and lifestyle factors e.g smoking

faulty gene

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24
Q

What is diabetes?

A

common chronic condition

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25
Q

What are the factors which increase the risk of getting diabetes?

A

inherited (type 1)

type 2 environment and lifestyle

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26
Q

What causes high blood cholesterol?

A

lifestyle factors - unhealthy diet, smoking, lack of exercise
inherited - from family

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27
Q

What is cholesterol ?

A

is a fatty substance that is carried around the body by proteins.

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28
Q

What can high cholesterol cause?

A

heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases

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29
Q

What are the biological factors that affect development related to ?

A

the environment inside a mother’s womb e.g smoking or drinking

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30
Q

What are some examples of what biological factors could cause?

A

foetal alcohol syndrome
maternal infections during pregnancy
lifestyle/ diet during pregnancy
congenital defects

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31
Q

What is the foetal alcohol syndrome?

A
  • have development and physical defects which have life long effects
  • tend to be smaller and smaller heads than normal caused by poor brain development.
  • may also heart defects, learning difficulties and neurological problems
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32
Q

What is maternal infections during pregnancy?

A
  • if pregnant women is exposed to infections such as rubella the foetus may be affected
  • rubella can cause impaired hearing or eyesight
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33
Q

What is lifestyle/ diet during pregnancy?

A
  • babies are affected by what their mothers eat

- malnutrition or a lack of healthy food may lead in a lifetime of poor health for the child

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34
Q

What are congenital defects?

A
  • defects that are present at birth

- most usually heart defects or down syndrome

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35
Q

What are some examples of environmental factors that affect development?

A

exposure to pollution
poor housing conditions
access to health and social care services

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36
Q

What does exposure to pollution cause?

A

respiratory problems
cardiovascular problems
allergies

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37
Q

How can respiratory problems be caused by exposure to pollution ?

A
  • tobacco smoke, combustion products and air pollution are associated with various toxins and pollutants
  • these substances affect nerves and muscles used for breathing and has a bad effect of lining of the air passages
  • examples are runny nose or sore throat, pneumonia and lung cancer
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38
Q

How can cardiovascular problems be caused by exposure to pollution ?

A
  • factors are smoking tobacco and air pollution
  • smoking causes changes in the lining of the heart and blood vessels causing clots, which may lead to heart attacks
  • exposure to other chemicals that cause air pollution can increase the risk of thrombosis and raised blood pressure
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39
Q

How can allergies be caused by exposure to pollution ?

A
  • caused by irritants such as dust or pollen causing the immune system to overreact.
  • examples are hay fever and asthma
  • hay fever causes sneezing, watery eyes and runny nose
  • asthma can cause asthma attacks which causes difficulty breathing as airways become inflamed and constricted
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40
Q

What can poor housing conditions cause?

A

respiratory problems
cardiovascular problems
hypothermia
anxiety and depression

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41
Q

How can respiratory problems be caused by poor housing conditions?

A

overcrowded housing, lack of heating and poor ventilation causing damp and mould can lead to respiratory problems.

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42
Q

How can cardiovascular problems be caused by poor housing conditions?

A
  • children living for long periods in overcrowded housing tend to have problems with their growth rate
  • and increased risk of heart attack in later life
  • poor quality of housing can cause stress which can increase blood pressure, which causes damage to artery walls and cause clots
  • living an unhealthy lifestyle e.g smoking
43
Q

How can hypothermia be caused by poor housing conditions?

A
  • caused by cold homes and homelessness
  • families living in fuel poverty is increasing
  • can cause death
44
Q

How can anxiety and depression be caused by poor housing conditions?

A
  • poor quality housing may cause stress, anxiety, depression and mental health issues
45
Q

What can cause a lack of access to health and social care services?

A
  • availability of transport
  • opening hours of services
  • needs and requirements of particular services
  • people who do not access services
46
Q

What can cause a lack of availability of transport?

A
  • travelling to appointments can be stressful
  • no access to car
  • living in remote areas and no public transport
  • unreliable public transport
  • car parks expensive

these can cause missed appointments which cause financial implications for health and social care services

47
Q

What can cause different opening hours of services?

A
  • recruitment of nurses and GPs might be hard in deprived areas
  • GP appointments during working hours might be inconvenient and should be more flexible
48
Q

What are NHS doing to improve the hours of service and increasing accessibility?

A

creating walk in centres

49
Q

What are the social factors that affect development?

A
  • family dysfunction e.g parental divorce or separation, sibling rivalry and parenting styles
  • bullying e.g self harm
  • culture, religion and beliefs e.g medical intervention and dietary restrictions
50
Q

What is a dysfunctional family?

A

a family that is not providing all of the support and benefits associated with being in a family

51
Q

What are some reasons why a family may become dysfunctional?

A
  • family members become stressed due health problems, poor housing and low income
  • poor parenting skills - some may try control other family members in aggressive ways
  • neglect their children
52
Q

What are the effects of divorce or separation?

A
  • causes development problems
  • can experience emotional problems that may affect the child’s self-esteem and self-confidence, leading to emotional distress, moodiness and depression
  • may lack resilience could lead to risky behaviours such as smoking taking drugs
53
Q

What are the effects of sibling rivalry?

A
  • exposure to high levels of family conflict could lead to a child becoming aggressive and become a bully
54
Q

What are the 3 different types of parenting styles?

A
  • authoritative
  • authoritarian
  • permissive
55
Q

What is authoritative parenting style?

A
  • parents are not over strict
  • children brought up to respect authority and develop appropriate values and boundaries
  • often more resilient and conform more easier to social norms
56
Q

What is authoritarian parenting style?

A
  • parents have high expectations
  • often overwhelming their children with strict rules and regulations
  • children are often more rebellious and may become problematic
57
Q

What is permissive parenting style?

A
  • parents make few demands
  • reluctant to make rules or values
  • often lack sense of self-control as they have no boundaries or respect for personal space
  • children may later experience problems managing relationships and responsibilities
58
Q

What are the effects of bullying?

A
  • can have long-term effects of self-esteem
  • impact on child’s growth and development
  • might lead to a child feeling unsafe, lonely and isolated
  • loss of self-confidence
  • may become self-critical and believe that what was said is true and it is their fault
  • self-harm, which makes them feel better
  • anxiety and depression
59
Q

What is bullying described as?

A

as repetitive behaviour intended to hurt an individual emotionally and/ or physically

60
Q

What effects does medical intervention have for different cultures?

A
  • some religious groups believe that certain medical procedures should not be allowed and reject medical intervention
  • affects medical areas where there is special care
  • some cultures use their own remedies
61
Q

What can dietary restrictions cause?

A
  • negative effects on health and development if there is not a balanced diet
  • vegetarianism could have positive or negative effects, as there is a lot of fruit which reduces high cholesterol, heart disease and high blood pressure.
  • with diets which don’t include fish or meat, it could cause calcium deficiency which can result in weakening of bones and teeth.
  • also iron and vitamin B12 deficiency which may affect production of red blood cells
  • protein deficiency impacts muscles and organs
62
Q

How can being in a family help you develop?

A
  • forming your first emotional relationships and attachments
  • providing your first experience for social interaction
  • provide a setting that meet your physical needs
  • support
63
Q

What are the economic factors that affect development?

A

income and expenditure
employment status
education
lifestyle

64
Q

How can income and expenditure affect development?

A

people who experience poverty are most likely to experience ill health and reduced opportunities for personal development

65
Q

How can employment status affect development?

A
  • being out of work is likely to mean that families live on low income
  • work with low pay can put stress on people which causes ill health and low self-esteem
66
Q

How can education affect development?

A

kids from poorer families ;

  • do worse in GSCEs
  • fall behind easier
67
Q

How can lifestyle affect development?

A 
nutrition and dietary choices
exercise
use and misuse of substances
drug use 
alcohol
tobacco
68
Q

What are predictable events?

A

events that are expected to happen at a particular time

69
Q

What are unpredictable events?

A

events that happen unexpectedly and which may have consequences

70
Q

What are the 7 predictable life events?

A 
starting school/ nursery
beginning and changing employment
leaving home/ leaving care
leaving prison
marriage
parenthood
retirement
71
Q

What is the positive learning of starting school/ nursery?

A

learning to make new friends

cope with change

72
Q

What is the positive learning of beginning and changing employment?

A

choosing a work role

having income from employment

73
Q

What is the positive learning of leaving home/ leaving care?

A

achieving independence - controlling personal environment

74
Q

What is the positive learning of leaving prison?

A

coping with freedom and choice

75
Q

What is the positive learning of marriage?

A

making emotional attachments and experiencing intimacy

76
Q

What is the positive learning of parenthood?

A

attachment to infant

learning parenting skills

77
Q

What is the positive learning of retirement?

A

controlling own life

78
Q

What are the risks of stress from starting school/ nursery?

A

feeling unsafe

loss of support from parents

79
Q

What are the risks of stress from beginning and changing employment?

A

feeling pressured by new demands on time and mental energy
finding difficulty in adapting
loss of past lifestyle

80
Q

What are the risks of stress from leaving home/ leaving care?

A

feeling unable to cope with new situation
feeling pressured by new tasks
loss of family / care support

81
Q

What are the risks of stress from leaving prison?

A

loss of routine
loss of structured environment
lack of support with finding an income and housing
coping with possible discrimination

82
Q

What are the risks of stress from marriage?

A

feeling threatened by intimacy and sharing possessions

possible loss of independence

83
Q

What are the risks of stress from parenthood?

A

disruption of previous lifestyle
loss of free time
new demands on time and energy
feeling tired due to loss of sleep

84
Q

What are the risks of stress from retirement?

A

loss of previous roles
loss of contacts with people from work
difficulty establishing a new lifestyle

85
Q

What are the 5 unpredictable life events?

A 
birth of a sibling 
redundancy
illness and serious injury
divorce
bereavement
86
Q

What are the positive learning of birth of a sibling?

A

learning to make new emotional attachments

87
Q

What are the positive learning of redundancy?

A

learning to adapt to changes in income and lifestyle

88
Q

What are the positive learning of illness and serious injury?

A

learning to adapt to physical change

89
Q

What are the positive learning of divorce?

A

learning to cope with a new lifestyle

90
Q

What are the positive learning of birth of a bereavement?

A

learning to cope with loss and new lifestyle

91
Q

What are the risks of stress from birth of sibling?

A

jealousy and rivalry - emotional tension because role within family changed

92
Q

What are the risks of stress from redundancy?

A

refusal to accept change
anger or depression
failure to cope with loss of income and lifestyle

93
Q

What are the risks of stress from illness and serious injury?

A

grief at the loss of good health
anger or depression
failure to adapt to disability

94
Q

What are the risks of stress from divorce?

A

resentment or depression
grief at the loss of the relationship
failure to adapt to a new lifestyle
possible financial hardship

95
Q

What are the risks of stress from bereavement?

A

grief at the loss of relationship

failure to adapt to unwanted lifestyle

96
Q

What did Holmes and Rahe develop?

A

a questionnaire called the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) which identified major stressful life events

97
Q

How stressful life events does the SRRS identify?

A

43

98
Q

What does the SRRS make the people do?

A

to score how the events they had experienced affected their stress levels

99
Q

What did Holmes and Rahe find out?

A

the higher the end score and the importance of each life even, the more likely an individual was to become unwell

100
Q

What is stress?

A

an automatic response to dealing with challenging situations or life events

101
Q

What happens when someone becomes stressed?

A

floods the body with hormones that raise heart rate, increase blood pressure, boost energy and prepare them for ‘fight or flight’

102
Q

What can stress cause?

A

an individual to become:

  • irritated
  • fatigued
  • have headaches
  • lack of motivation
  • unable to concentration
103
Q

What can stress lead to?

A 
over/ under eating
smoking or drink too much to cope with stress
anxiety attacks
depression
cardiovascular problems

health & social care (5 decks)

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