Unit 1 B- Factors Affecting Human Growth and Development Flashcards
1
Q
What is meant by nature?
A
genetic inheritance and other biological factors
2
Q
What is meant by nurture?
A
the influence of external factors after conception such as social and environmental factors
3
Q
Name the 3 theories which relate to nature and nurture
A
- Gesell’s maturation theory (nature)
- Bandura social learning theory (nature)
- Stress-diathesis model (nurture and nature)
4
Q
Explain Gesell’s maturation theory
A
- he researched children’s development
- his findings were used to establish norms and milestones and development was predetermined and the environment had little influence.
- if there was problems with a child’s development it was heredity.
5
Q
Explain Bandura’s social learning theory
A
- suggests that people learn through observation of others and by imitating their behaviour
- he based his experiment on aggressive behaviour of children demonstrated on a doll after watching a role model be aggressive.
6
Q
What are the 4 stages of Bandura’s social learning theory?
A
1 - child notices someone else’s behaviour
2 - child internalises the action by remembering the behaviour
3 - might not copy it straight away but will reproduce the behaviour when the situation occurs
4 - depending on the outcome (positive or negative reinforcement) children will either repeat behaviour or stop
7
Q
Explain the stress-diathesis model?
A
- helps explain how stress is caused by life events can interact with a person genetic vulnerability to impact their mental wellbeing.
- some people are born with biological or genetic predisposition to a psychological disorder, which might not develop if they don’t experience in their life
8
Q
What is genetic predisposition?
A
inherited genes that determine physical growth and development, health and appearance
9
Q
What are the 8 conditions which can be caused by genetic predispositions?
A
- cystic fibrosis
- brittle bone disease
- phenylketonuria (PKU)
- huntington’s disease
- klinefelter syndrome
- down’s syndrome
- colour blindness
- duchenne muscular dystrophy
10
Q
Explain cystic fibrosis
A
- caused by a faulty gene
- results in a defective protein being produced that causes the lungs to become clogged with thick mucus. This causes problems with absorbing nourishment from food and they might suffer with respiratory and chest infections.
11
Q
What treatments are there to helps cystic fibrosis?
A
- physiotherapy which clears the mucus from lungs
- various drugs - help control breathing and throat and lung infections
12
Q
Explain brittle bone disease
A
- can be passed on by parents or developed from genetic mutation.
- high risk of fracturing or breaking bones easily, this is because their bones don’t develop with right amount of protein
13
Q
What treatments are there to help brittle bone disease?
A
physiotherapy
assistive equipment
drug treatments - which strengthen bones
14
Q
Explain phenylketonuria (PKU)
A
genetic disorder that prevents child from breaking down phenylalanine, an amino acid found in foods
- causes a build-up of harmful substances in the body which damages brain development.
- can’t be cured
- untreated PKU leads to severe learning disabilities and death
15
Q
What are the treatments for phenylketonuria (PKU)?
A
babies are screened by heel-prick blood test. If high levels of phenylalanine, treatment will start e.g special diet and medication to prevent build-up
16
Q
Explain huntington’s disease
A
- develops between 35-55 years old
- is an inherited genetic disorder
- causes progressive damage to nerve cells in brain
- affects muscle coordination and decline in mental health and behavioural changes.
17
Q
Explain klinefelter syndrome
A
- occurs in boys with XXY
- baby is slow to reach milestones, born with undescended testicles, poor muscle power etc.
- most people can live with the condition
18
Q
Explain down’s syndrome
A
- genetic disorder which results from an extra chromosome
- causes learning disabilities, different physical features and associated medical issues
- lowers life expectancy
19
Q
Explain colour blindness
A
- where someone does not have a colour perception
- genetic
- does not lead to long-term health problems
20
Q
Explain duchenne muscular dustrophy
A
- caused by genetic mutations on the X chromosome
- prevents body from producing a vital muscle protein, dystrophin, which is essential for building and repairing muscles
- severely disabling
- survival over the age of 30 is rare
21
Q
What is cancer?
A
is a cell disease
22
Q
What does cancer cause?
A
results in cells becoming abnormal and dividing
23
Q
What can cause cancer?
A
environment and lifestyle factors e.g smoking
faulty gene
24
Q
What is diabetes?
A
common chronic condition
25
What are the factors which increase the risk of getting diabetes?
inherited (type 1)
| type 2 environment and lifestyle
26
What causes high blood cholesterol?
lifestyle factors - unhealthy diet, smoking, lack of exercise
inherited - from family
27
What is cholesterol ?
is a fatty substance that is carried around the body by proteins.
28
What can high cholesterol cause?
heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases
29
What are the biological factors that affect development related to ?
the environment inside a mother's womb e.g smoking or drinking
30
What are some examples of what biological factors could cause?
foetal alcohol syndrome
maternal infections during pregnancy
lifestyle/ diet during pregnancy
congenital defects
31
What is the foetal alcohol syndrome?
- have development and physical defects which have life long effects
- tend to be smaller and smaller heads than normal caused by poor brain development.
- may also heart defects, learning difficulties and neurological problems
32
What is maternal infections during pregnancy?
- if pregnant women is exposed to infections such as rubella the foetus may be affected
- rubella can cause impaired hearing or eyesight
33
What is lifestyle/ diet during pregnancy?
- babies are affected by what their mothers eat
| - malnutrition or a lack of healthy food may lead in a lifetime of poor health for the child
34
What are congenital defects?
- defects that are present at birth
| - most usually heart defects or down syndrome
35
What are some examples of environmental factors that affect development?
exposure to pollution
poor housing conditions
access to health and social care services
36
What does exposure to pollution cause?
respiratory problems
cardiovascular problems
allergies
37
How can respiratory problems be caused by exposure to pollution ?
- tobacco smoke, combustion products and air pollution are associated with various toxins and pollutants
- these substances affect nerves and muscles used for breathing and has a bad effect of lining of the air passages
- examples are runny nose or sore throat, pneumonia and lung cancer
38
How can cardiovascular problems be caused by exposure to pollution ?
- factors are smoking tobacco and air pollution
- smoking causes changes in the lining of the heart and blood vessels causing clots, which may lead to heart attacks
- exposure to other chemicals that cause air pollution can increase the risk of thrombosis and raised blood pressure
39
How can allergies be caused by exposure to pollution ?
- caused by irritants such as dust or pollen causing the immune system to overreact.
- examples are hay fever and asthma
- hay fever causes sneezing, watery eyes and runny nose
- asthma can cause asthma attacks which causes difficulty breathing as airways become inflamed and constricted
40
What can poor housing conditions cause?
respiratory problems
cardiovascular problems
hypothermia
anxiety and depression
41
How can respiratory problems be caused by poor housing conditions?
overcrowded housing, lack of heating and poor ventilation causing damp and mould can lead to respiratory problems.
42
How can cardiovascular problems be caused by poor housing conditions?
- children living for long periods in overcrowded housing tend to have problems with their growth rate
- and increased risk of heart attack in later life
- poor quality of housing can cause stress which can increase blood pressure, which causes damage to artery walls and cause clots
- living an unhealthy lifestyle e.g smoking
43
How can hypothermia be caused by poor housing conditions?
- caused by cold homes and homelessness
- families living in fuel poverty is increasing
- can cause death
44
How can anxiety and depression be caused by poor housing conditions?
- poor quality housing may cause stress, anxiety, depression and mental health issues
45
What can cause a lack of access to health and social care services?
- availability of transport
- opening hours of services
- needs and requirements of particular services
- people who do not access services
46
What can cause a lack of availability of transport?
- travelling to appointments can be stressful
- no access to car
- living in remote areas and no public transport
- unreliable public transport
- car parks expensive
these can cause missed appointments which cause financial implications for health and social care services
47
What can cause different opening hours of services?
- recruitment of nurses and GPs might be hard in deprived areas
- GP appointments during working hours might be inconvenient and should be more flexible
48
What are NHS doing to improve the hours of service and increasing accessibility?
creating walk in centres
49
What are the social factors that affect development?
- family dysfunction e.g parental divorce or separation, sibling rivalry and parenting styles
- bullying e.g self harm
- culture, religion and beliefs e.g medical intervention and dietary restrictions
50
What is a dysfunctional family?
a family that is not providing all of the support and benefits associated with being in a family
51
What are some reasons why a family may become dysfunctional?
- family members become stressed due health problems, poor housing and low income
- poor parenting skills - some may try control other family members in aggressive ways
- neglect their children
52
What are the effects of divorce or separation?
- causes development problems
- can experience emotional problems that may affect the child's self-esteem and self-confidence, leading to emotional distress, moodiness and depression
- may lack resilience could lead to risky behaviours such as smoking taking drugs
53
What are the effects of sibling rivalry?
- exposure to high levels of family conflict could lead to a child becoming aggressive and become a bully
54
What are the 3 different types of parenting styles?
- authoritative
- authoritarian
- permissive
55
What is authoritative parenting style?
- parents are not over strict
- children brought up to respect authority and develop appropriate values and boundaries
- often more resilient and conform more easier to social norms
56
What is authoritarian parenting style?
- parents have high expectations
- often overwhelming their children with strict rules and regulations
- children are often more rebellious and may become problematic
57
What is permissive parenting style?
- parents make few demands
- reluctant to make rules or values
- often lack sense of self-control as they have no boundaries or respect for personal space
- children may later experience problems managing relationships and responsibilities
58
What are the effects of bullying?
- can have long-term effects of self-esteem
- impact on child's growth and development
- might lead to a child feeling unsafe, lonely and isolated
- loss of self-confidence
- may become self-critical and believe that what was said is true and it is their fault
- self-harm, which makes them feel better
- anxiety and depression
59
What is bullying described as?
as repetitive behaviour intended to hurt an individual emotionally and/ or physically
60
What effects does medical intervention have for different cultures?
- some religious groups believe that certain medical procedures should not be allowed and reject medical intervention
- affects medical areas where there is special care
- some cultures use their own remedies
61
What can dietary restrictions cause?
- negative effects on health and development if there is not a balanced diet
- vegetarianism could have positive or negative effects, as there is a lot of fruit which reduces high cholesterol, heart disease and high blood pressure.
- with diets which don't include fish or meat, it could cause calcium deficiency which can result in weakening of bones and teeth.
- also iron and vitamin B12 deficiency which may affect production of red blood cells
- protein deficiency impacts muscles and organs
62
How can being in a family help you develop?
- forming your first emotional relationships and attachments
- providing your first experience for social interaction
- provide a setting that meet your physical needs
- support
63
What are the economic factors that affect development?
income and expenditure
employment status
education
lifestyle
64
How can income and expenditure affect development?
people who experience poverty are most likely to experience ill health and reduced opportunities for personal development
65
How can employment status affect development?
- being out of work is likely to mean that families live on low income
- work with low pay can put stress on people which causes ill health and low self-esteem
66
How can education affect development?
kids from poorer families ;
- do worse in GSCEs
- fall behind easier
67
How can lifestyle affect development?
```
nutrition and dietary choices
exercise
use and misuse of substances
drug use
alcohol
tobacco
```
68
What are predictable events?
events that are expected to happen at a particular time
69
What are unpredictable events?
events that happen unexpectedly and which may have consequences
70
What are the 7 predictable life events?
```
starting school/ nursery
beginning and changing employment
leaving home/ leaving care
leaving prison
marriage
parenthood
retirement
```
71
What is the positive learning of starting school/ nursery?
learning to make new friends
| cope with change
72
What is the positive learning of beginning and changing employment?
choosing a work role
| having income from employment
73
What is the positive learning of leaving home/ leaving care?
achieving independence - controlling personal environment
74
What is the positive learning of leaving prison?
coping with freedom and choice
75
What is the positive learning of marriage?
making emotional attachments and experiencing intimacy
76
What is the positive learning of parenthood?
attachment to infant
| learning parenting skills
77
What is the positive learning of retirement?
controlling own life
78
What are the risks of stress from starting school/ nursery?
feeling unsafe
| loss of support from parents
79
What are the risks of stress from beginning and changing employment?
feeling pressured by new demands on time and mental energy
finding difficulty in adapting
loss of past lifestyle
80
What are the risks of stress from leaving home/ leaving care?
feeling unable to cope with new situation
feeling pressured by new tasks
loss of family / care support
81
What are the risks of stress from leaving prison?
loss of routine
loss of structured environment
lack of support with finding an income and housing
coping with possible discrimination
82
What are the risks of stress from marriage?
feeling threatened by intimacy and sharing possessions
| possible loss of independence
83
What are the risks of stress from parenthood?
disruption of previous lifestyle
loss of free time
new demands on time and energy
feeling tired due to loss of sleep
84
What are the risks of stress from retirement?
loss of previous roles
loss of contacts with people from work
difficulty establishing a new lifestyle
85
What are the 5 unpredictable life events?
```
birth of a sibling
redundancy
illness and serious injury
divorce
bereavement
```
86
What are the positive learning of birth of a sibling?
learning to make new emotional attachments
87
What are the positive learning of redundancy?
learning to adapt to changes in income and lifestyle
88
What are the positive learning of illness and serious injury?
learning to adapt to physical change
89
What are the positive learning of divorce?
learning to cope with a new lifestyle
90
What are the positive learning of birth of a bereavement?
learning to cope with loss and new lifestyle
91
What are the risks of stress from birth of sibling?
jealousy and rivalry - emotional tension because role within family changed
92
What are the risks of stress from redundancy?
refusal to accept change
anger or depression
failure to cope with loss of income and lifestyle
93
What are the risks of stress from illness and serious injury?
grief at the loss of good health
anger or depression
failure to adapt to disability
94
What are the risks of stress from divorce?
resentment or depression
grief at the loss of the relationship
failure to adapt to a new lifestyle
possible financial hardship
95
What are the risks of stress from bereavement?
grief at the loss of relationship
| failure to adapt to unwanted lifestyle
96
What did Holmes and Rahe develop?
a questionnaire called the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) which identified major stressful life events
97
How stressful life events does the SRRS identify?
43
98
What does the SRRS make the people do?
to score how the events they had experienced affected their stress levels
99
What did Holmes and Rahe find out?
the higher the end score and the importance of each life even, the more likely an individual was to become unwell
100
What is stress?
an automatic response to dealing with challenging situations or life events
101
What happens when someone becomes stressed?
floods the body with hormones that raise heart rate, increase blood pressure, boost energy and prepare them for 'fight or flight'
102
What can stress cause?
an individual to become:
- irritated
- fatigued
- have headaches
- lack of motivation
- unable to concentration
103
What can stress lead to?
```
over/ under eating
smoking or drink too much to cope with stress
anxiety attacks
depression
cardiovascular problems
```
