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Unit 1 A - Human Lifespan Development Flashcards

1
Q

Definition for growth

A

an increase in some measured quantity e.g height or weight

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2
Q

Definition for development

A

complex changes including increase in skills, abilities and capabilities

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3
Q

What are the key features of physical growth at birth and infancy (0-2 years) ?

A

grow in height
at 1 years they can walk
2 can run

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4
Q

What are the key features of physical growth at early childhood (3-8 years) ?

A

continue to grow

develop coordination and strength

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5
Q

What are the key features of physical growth at adolescence (9-18 years) ?

A

experiences growth spurts

develop sexual characteristics during puberty

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6
Q

What are the key features of physical growth at early adulthood (19-45 years) ?

A

reach peak of physical fitness

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7
Q

What are the key features of physical growth at middle adulthood (46-65 years) ?

A

ageing process begins with some loss of strength and stamina
women go through menopause

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8
Q

What are the key features of physical growth at later adulthood (65 years onwards)?

A

ageing process continues with gradual loss of mobility.

loss of height

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9
Q

What are the principles of development?

A

from head to toe
from inside to the outside
in the same sequence but at different rates
holistically - areas of development are dependent on and influence each other

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10
Q

Definition of fine motor skills

A

involve smaller movements that are more precise and use smaller muscles e.g picking up a pencil

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11
Q

Definition of gross motor skills

A

larger movements that involve using larger muscle groups e.g walking

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12
Q

Definition of development norms

A

a description of an average set of expectations for a child’s growth

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13
Q

Definition of milestone

A

ability achieved by most children by a certain age

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14
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone for a newborn?

A

gross - primitive reflexes such as grasp

fine - hold their thumbs tucked into their hands

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15
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 1 month?

A

gross - lift chin, some control of head

fine - open hands to grasp a finger

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16
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 3 months ?

A

gross - can lift their head and chest when lying on front

fine - can briefly grasp a rattle

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17
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 6 months?

A

gross - rolls over, can sit up for a short time without support, kicks legs when held up
fine - moves objects from hand to hand, can pick up dropped toys

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18
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 9-10 months?

A

gross - crawls, begins to cruise (walking while holding objects)
fine - uses finger and thumb to hold a small object

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19
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 12-13 months?

A

gross - stands alone, can walk without help

fine - manipulates and places toys

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20
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 18 months?

A

gross - climbs onto furniture

fine - builds a short tower with blocks

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21
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 2 years?

A

gross - propels a sit-on toy with feet and throws ball

fine - draw lines and circles, turns pages

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22
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 2 and a half year?

A

gross - jumps from a low step, kicks a ball

fine - uses a spoon and fork

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23
Q

What are the gross motor skill milestone for early childhood ?

A

(3yrs) pedal a tricycle, run and balance on one foot.
(4yrs) kick and throw ball
(5yrs) hop
(6/7 yrs) skip and ride bicycle
(8yrs) good strength and coordination so can take part in sports

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24
Q

What are the fine motor skill milestone for early childhood?

A

(3yrs) able to control movement of hands and fingers so can use a pencil to copy letters or build a tower
(5yrs) able to dress and undress on their own, tie own shoelaces
(8yrs) good control of small muscles and able to draw detailed pictures

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25
What are the primary sexual characteristics for females and males?
female - uterus enlarges and vagina lengthens, ovaries begin to release eggs, menstrual cycle starts male - enlargement of penis and testes, erections, testicles begin to produce sperm
26
What are the secondary sexual characteristics for females and males?
female - breasts develop, pubic hair, hips widen | male - voice deepens, pubic hair, growth of muscles
27
Definition of primary sexual characteristics
present at birth and develop during puberty (inherited)
28
Definition of secondary sexual characteristics
develop during puberty
29
Definition of puberty
period of rapid growth during which young people reach sexual maturity and become able to reproduce
30
Definition of hormones
chemical substances produced in the body and transported in blood system that control or regulate body cells or organs
31
What are the main sex hormones in females?
progesterone and oestrogen
32
What are the main sex hormones in males?
testosterone
33
What are the milestones in early adulthood?
physical strength peaks pregnancy and lactation perimenopause
34
Definition of menopause
the ending of female fertility, reduction in production of sex hormones
35
What are 3 symptoms for perimenopause?
``` hot flushes breast tenderness loss of libido fatigue mood swings ```
36
What are the milestones in later adulthood?
menopause
37
What are the milestones in middle adulthood?
menopause | effects of the ageing process
38
What does menopause involve?
ending of menstruation cycle, less fertile increase of production of hormones (gonadotropins - which try to stimulate egg production reduction in sex hormones
39
What are the effects of the ageing process
put on weight - less calories burnt as less active change in body shape - increased weight, loss of skin elasticity, loss of muscle tone and strength Greying and loss of hair
40
What are the milestones in later adulthood?
deterioration of health | deterioration of intellectual abilities
41
What are the 5 important aspects associated with intellectual development?
1 - language development (organising thoughts and to share ideas) 2 - problem solving (working things out and make predictions) 3 - memory (storing, recalling and retrieving information) 4 - moral development (reasoning and making choices, and sense of right and wrong) 5 - abstract thoughts and creative thinking
42
What are the stages of intellectual development across a lifespan?
infancy and early childhood - stages of rapid intellectual development adolescence to early adulthood - development of logical thought, problem solving and memory recall skills middle adulthood - can think through problems and make judgements through life experiences later adulthood - changes in the brain cause short-term memory loss and slower thought process and reaction time
43
What are the stages of language development in infancy/ early childhood?
around 3 months - make babbling noises as the begin to learn to control the muscles used for speech around 12 months - begin to imitate sounds, develops into using single words around 2 years - begin to use two-word sentences, begin to learn vocab around 3 years - make simple sentences, develops to ask questions. Knowledge of vocab develops rapidly around 4 years - begin to use clear sentences, some grammar mistakes 5 years - can speak full grammar, vocab and grammar will continue to improve
44
How do you encourage language development in infancy?
- blow bubbles - sing songs - look at picture books
45
How do you encourage language development in early childhood?
- part in group activities - share stories - word games
46
How do you encourage language development in adolescence?
- read range of books - discuss ideas - deliver presentations
47
What is the Piaget's model?
shows the cognitive development is a child's ability to learn and solve problem.
48
What did Piaget's research focus on?
how children acquire the ability of think
49
What did Piaget say about 4 year olds thinking?
its abstract logical thinking because they aren't mature enough.
50
Def abstract logical thinking?
the ability to solve problems using imagination without having to be involved practically.
51
What did Piaget say about infants thinking?
its egocentric thinking
52
Def egocentric thinking?
not being able to see a situation from another person's point of view.
53
What did Piaget say about over the age of 7's thinking?
use concrete logical thinking
54
Def is concrete logical thinking?
the ability to solve problems providing an individual can see or physically handle the issues involved.
55
What are the stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor (birth - 2 years) preoperational (2-7 years) concrete operational (7-11 years) formal operational (11-18 years)
56
What occurs in the sensorimotor stage?
infants think by interacting with the world using their eyes, ears, hands and mouth. So, they invent ways of solving problems. Can't remember things
57
What occurs in the preoperational stage?
children uses symbols to represent their findings in sensorimotor. Development of language. Piaget believed that children don't understand ideas of numbers, mass, and volume.
58
What occurs in the concrete operational stage?
children's reasoning becomes logical providing the issues are concrete.Understand simple logical principles.
59
What occurs in the formal operational stage?
when capacity for abstract thinking allows adolescents to reason through symbols that do not refer to objects in the real world. Think of possible outcomes of a scientific problems which are not simple.
60
Describe the development of schemas
a child develops concepts about the world (equilibrium), as they experience situations where new information is present, their schemas are upset and they reach a state of disequilibrium. The new information is accommodated, the original schema are changed and modified.
61
What is a schema?
concepts - a category of knowledge as well as the process of acquiring knowledge
62
Definition of equilibrium
a state of cognitive balance when a child's experience is in line with what they understand
63
Definition of disequilibrium
a state of cognitive imbalance between experience and what is understood
64
Definition of accommodation
modifying schemas in relation to new information and experiences
65
What is the theory of conservation?
that something's appearance may change but its quantity will say the same
66
What did Chomsky say?
that the ability to develop a signed or spoken language is genetically programmed into individuals. Everyone is born with a language acquisition device (LAD).
67
What is emotional development?
is the way an individual begins to feel about and value themselves and other people. Forms the basis of emotional literacy and empathy.
68
Definition of emotional literacy?
the ability to recognise, understand and appropriately express emotions.
69
Definition of empathy?
the ability to identify with or understand another's situation or feelings
70
Definition of attachment ?
a strong emotional connection between a child and caregiver
71
Definition of self-image ?
the way an individual sees themselves, their mental image of themselves
72
Definition of self-esteem?
how a person feels about themselves
73
What are the benefits of having a positive self-esteem?
``` have easier time forming relationships resist peer pressure making friends handling conflicts optimistic view ```
74
What is the first development stage of self-esteem?
0-18 months : during infancy, babies start to build self self-esteem by having their needs met. babies become aware that they are loved
75
What is the second development stage of self-esteem?
18 months - 2 years ; no clear understanding of self-esteem, every time they learn a new skill they begin to realise what they can achieve and begin to learn about themselves.
76
What is the third development stage of self-esteem?
4 years : positive self-esteem is reinforced by what the child can do successfully and independently, and by the feedback they receive. - parents can encourage positive self-esteem by teaching problem-solving skills
77
What can low self-esteem cause for a child?
``` children to become ; passive withdrawn depressed easily frustrated Also have difficulty dealing with problems ```
78
What factors can cause low self-esteem?
difficulties at school physical and emotional changes fitting in with peers and trying to gain acceptance
79
What can determine self-image?
quality of social interaction in early childhood influence of parents and caregivers - if parents ignores child or constantly makes negative comments then this can impact the way the child begins to see and think about themselves life events social roles
80
What is social development?
learning how to interact socially with other individuals
81
What are the 4 stages of play?
solo play x2 parallel play associative play co-operative play x2
82
What is the solo play 0-1 year?
- looks at parents closely - puts things in mouth and touches things with hands - plays alone with toys - begins to play simple games - begins to explore toys alone
83
What is the solo play 12-18 months ?
- begins to play and talk alone - repeats actions and starts to play with adults - notices other children
84
What is the parallel play 18 months-2 years?
- begins to enjoy repetitive actions - begins to copy other children and adults - enjoys playing with adults as well as on own - learns to complete tasks through trial and error
85
What is the associative play 3-4 years?
- begins to play cooperatively with other children - starts to show reasoning skills by answering questions - the join in pretend and fantasy games negotiating and taking on roles
86
What is the co-operative play 4-6 years?
- begins to use simple rules in games | - plays cooperatively towards a shared goal and takes turns when playing table top games with other children
87
What is the co-operative play 6-8 years?
- begins to enjoy playing in small groups, making up own games and rules - enjoys understanding and using rules, but does not cope well with losing
88
What are the social benefits of friendships?
- can help with coping with traumatic life events - help support with a healthy lifestyle - can help avoid loneliness - provide a sense of belonging = causes reduction of stress and depression
89
What is the development of social relationships in infancy (0-2 years) ?
interacting with caregivers : 2 months - smile at human faces 3 months - they will respond when adults talk 5 months - can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar faces - infants will make their first relationship as they form an emotional attachment to carers.
90
What is the development of social relationships in childhood (2-8 years) ?
first social learning : - young children are emotional attached and dependent on adults that care for them - begins to learn social roles and behaviour - family environment creates 'safe base' - learn to play cooperatively with other children - become more independent - form friendships
91
What is the development of social relationships in adolescence (9-18 years) ?
secondary social learning : - sense-worth becomes influenced by peers and family - copy style of dress, beliefs, cultural values and behaviors through friends - have to cope with development of their sexuality and full independence from friends
92
What is the development of social relationships in adulthood (19-65 years) ?
``` maturity : during early adulthood ; - friendships still important - form intimate relationships - need to find employments/ establish career - marriage and parenthood during middle adulthood : - experience time pressures that limit their time for social activities. - reduction in social activities ```
93
What is the development of social relationships in older adulthood (65 + years) ?
- following retirement they have more time to develop friendships through taking up new hobbies and travels - others might choose to spend more time with close friends and family
94
What is the development of independence in infancy?
- young children are totally dependent on others for their care but towards the end they begin to become independent and attempt to do more for themselves.
95
What is the development of independence in childhood?
still very dependent on parents and carers - widening their experience - starting school etc - children gradually become less reliant on people
96
What is the development of independence in adolescence?
- begin to question their sense of identity - begin to see themselves as separate and independent from their family - become more influenced by peer group norms and values - peer pressure can lead to people questioning choices and decisions
97
Give 3 examples of life events which cause independence?
starting employment leaving home starting a family
98
What is the development of independence in middle adulthood?
- often have family responsibilities by then - can pursue hobbies and interests - reach the peak of their career - increased disposable income means more independence - changes to pension system may mean people have to work longer - sometimes have to look after grandchild which restricts independence
99
What is the development of independence in later adulthood?
between 65 and 75 people remain active with busy social life, enjoying freedom.

Health & Social Care (5 decks)

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