Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Health & Social Care > Unit 1 A - Human Lifespan Development > Flashcards

Unit 1 A - Human Lifespan Development Flashcards

1
Q

Definition for growth

A

an increase in some measured quantity e.g height or weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Definition for development

A

complex changes including increase in skills, abilities and capabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the key features of physical growth at birth and infancy (0-2 years) ?

A

grow in height
at 1 years they can walk
2 can run

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the key features of physical growth at early childhood (3-8 years) ?

A

continue to grow

develop coordination and strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the key features of physical growth at adolescence (9-18 years) ?

A

experiences growth spurts

develop sexual characteristics during puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the key features of physical growth at early adulthood (19-45 years) ?

A

reach peak of physical fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the key features of physical growth at middle adulthood (46-65 years) ?

A

ageing process begins with some loss of strength and stamina
women go through menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the key features of physical growth at later adulthood (65 years onwards)?

A

ageing process continues with gradual loss of mobility.

loss of height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the principles of development?

A

from head to toe
from inside to the outside
in the same sequence but at different rates
holistically - areas of development are dependent on and influence each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Definition of fine motor skills

A

involve smaller movements that are more precise and use smaller muscles e.g picking up a pencil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Definition of gross motor skills

A

larger movements that involve using larger muscle groups e.g walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Definition of development norms

A

a description of an average set of expectations for a child’s growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Definition of milestone

A

ability achieved by most children by a certain age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone for a newborn?

A

gross - primitive reflexes such as grasp

fine - hold their thumbs tucked into their hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 1 month?

A

gross - lift chin, some control of head

fine - open hands to grasp a finger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 3 months ?

A

gross - can lift their head and chest when lying on front

fine - can briefly grasp a rattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 6 months?

A

gross - rolls over, can sit up for a short time without support, kicks legs when held up
fine - moves objects from hand to hand, can pick up dropped toys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 9-10 months?

A

gross - crawls, begins to cruise (walking while holding objects)
fine - uses finger and thumb to hold a small object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 12-13 months?

A

gross - stands alone, can walk without help

fine - manipulates and places toys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 18 months?

A

gross - climbs onto furniture

fine - builds a short tower with blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 2 years?

A

gross - propels a sit-on toy with feet and throws ball

fine - draw lines and circles, turns pages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the gross and fine motor skill milestone at 2 and a half year?

A

gross - jumps from a low step, kicks a ball

fine - uses a spoon and fork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the gross motor skill milestone for early childhood ?

A

(3yrs) pedal a tricycle, run and balance on one foot.
(4yrs) kick and throw ball
(5yrs) hop
(6/7 yrs) skip and ride bicycle
(8yrs) good strength and coordination so can take part in sports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the fine motor skill milestone for early childhood?

A

(3yrs) able to control movement of hands and fingers so can use a pencil to copy letters or build a tower
(5yrs) able to dress and undress on their own, tie own shoelaces
(8yrs) good control of small muscles and able to draw detailed pictures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the primary sexual characteristics for females and males?

A

female - uterus enlarges and vagina lengthens, ovaries begin to release eggs, menstrual cycle starts
male - enlargement of penis and testes, erections, testicles begin to produce sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics for females and males?

A

female - breasts develop, pubic hair, hips widen

male - voice deepens, pubic hair, growth of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Definition of primary sexual characteristics

A

present at birth and develop during puberty (inherited)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Definition of secondary sexual characteristics

A

develop during puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Definition of puberty

A

period of rapid growth during which young people reach sexual maturity and become able to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Definition of hormones

A

chemical substances produced in the body and transported in blood system that control or regulate body cells or organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the main sex hormones in females?

A

progesterone and oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the main sex hormones in males?

A

testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the milestones in early adulthood?

A

physical strength peaks
pregnancy and lactation
perimenopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Definition of menopause

A

the ending of female fertility, reduction in production of sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are 3 symptoms for perimenopause?

A 
hot flushes
breast tenderness 
loss of libido 
fatigue 
mood swings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the milestones in later adulthood?

A

menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the milestones in middle adulthood?

A

menopause

effects of the ageing process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does menopause involve?

A

ending of menstruation cycle, less fertile
increase of production of hormones (gonadotropins - which try to stimulate egg production
reduction in sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the effects of the ageing process

A

put on weight - less calories burnt as less active
change in body shape - increased weight, loss of skin elasticity, loss of muscle tone and strength
Greying and loss of hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the milestones in later adulthood?

A

deterioration of health

deterioration of intellectual abilities

41
Q

What are the 5 important aspects associated with intellectual development?

A

1 - language development (organising thoughts and to share ideas)
2 - problem solving (working things out and make predictions)
3 - memory (storing, recalling and retrieving information)
4 - moral development (reasoning and making choices, and sense of right and wrong)
5 - abstract thoughts and creative thinking

42
Q

What are the stages of intellectual development across a lifespan?

A

infancy and early childhood - stages of rapid intellectual development
adolescence to early adulthood - development of logical thought, problem solving and memory recall skills
middle adulthood - can think through problems and make judgements through life experiences
later adulthood - changes in the brain cause short-term memory loss and slower thought process and reaction time

43
Q

What are the stages of language development in infancy/ early childhood?

A

around 3 months - make babbling noises as the begin to learn to control the muscles used for speech
around 12 months - begin to imitate sounds, develops into using single words
around 2 years - begin to use two-word sentences, begin to learn vocab
around 3 years - make simple sentences, develops to ask questions. Knowledge of vocab develops rapidly
around 4 years - begin to use clear sentences, some grammar mistakes
5 years - can speak full grammar, vocab and grammar will continue to improve

44
Q

How do you encourage language development in infancy?

A
  • blow bubbles
  • sing songs
  • look at picture books
45
Q

How do you encourage language development in early childhood?

A
  • part in group activities
  • share stories
  • word games
46
Q

How do you encourage language development in adolescence?

A
  • read range of books
  • discuss ideas
  • deliver presentations
47
Q

What is the Piaget’s model?

A

shows the cognitive development is a child’s ability to learn and solve problem.

48
Q

What did Piaget’s research focus on?

A

how children acquire the ability of think

49
Q

What did Piaget say about 4 year olds thinking?

A

its abstract logical thinking because they aren’t mature enough.

50
Q

Def abstract logical thinking?

A

the ability to solve problems using imagination without having to be involved practically.

51
Q

What did Piaget say about infants thinking?

A

its egocentric thinking

52
Q

Def egocentric thinking?

A

not being able to see a situation from another person’s point of view.

53
Q

What did Piaget say about over the age of 7’s thinking?

A

use concrete logical thinking

54
Q

Def is concrete logical thinking?

A

the ability to solve problems providing an individual can see or physically handle the issues involved.

55
Q

What are the stages of cognitive development?

A

sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)
preoperational (2-7 years)
concrete operational (7-11 years)
formal operational (11-18 years)

56
Q

What occurs in the sensorimotor stage?

A

infants think by interacting with the world using their eyes, ears, hands and mouth. So, they invent ways of solving problems. Can’t remember things

57
Q

What occurs in the preoperational stage?

A

children uses symbols to represent their findings in sensorimotor. Development of language. Piaget believed that children don’t understand ideas of numbers, mass, and volume.

58
Q

What occurs in the concrete operational stage?

A

children’s reasoning becomes logical providing the issues are concrete.Understand simple logical principles.

59
Q

What occurs in the formal operational stage?

A

when capacity for abstract thinking allows adolescents to reason through symbols that do not refer to objects in the real world. Think of possible outcomes of a scientific problems which are not simple.

60
Q

Describe the development of schemas

A

a child develops concepts about the world (equilibrium), as they experience situations where new information is present, their schemas are upset and they reach a state of disequilibrium. The new information is accommodated, the original schema are changed and modified.

61
Q

What is a schema?

A

concepts - a category of knowledge as well as the process of acquiring knowledge

62
Q

Definition of equilibrium

A

a state of cognitive balance when a child’s experience is in line with what they understand

63
Q

Definition of disequilibrium

A

a state of cognitive imbalance between experience and what is understood

64
Q

Definition of accommodation

A

modifying schemas in relation to new information and experiences

65
Q

What is the theory of conservation?

A

that something’s appearance may change but its quantity will say the same

66
Q

What did Chomsky say?

A

that the ability to develop a signed or spoken language is genetically programmed into individuals. Everyone is born with a language acquisition device (LAD).

67
Q

What is emotional development?

A

is the way an individual begins to feel about and value themselves and other people. Forms the basis of emotional literacy and empathy.

68
Q

Definition of emotional literacy?

A

the ability to recognise, understand and appropriately express emotions.

69
Q

Definition of empathy?

A

the ability to identify with or understand another’s situation or feelings

70
Q

Definition of attachment ?

A

a strong emotional connection between a child and caregiver

71
Q

Definition of self-image ?

A

the way an individual sees themselves, their mental image of themselves

72
Q

Definition of self-esteem?

A

how a person feels about themselves

73
Q

What are the benefits of having a positive self-esteem?

A 
have easier time forming relationships
resist peer pressure
making friends
handling conflicts
optimistic view
74
Q

What is the first development stage of self-esteem?

A

0-18 months : during infancy, babies start to build self self-esteem by having their needs met.
babies become aware that they are loved

75
Q

What is the second development stage of self-esteem?

A

18 months - 2 years ; no clear understanding of self-esteem, every time they learn a new skill they begin to realise what they can achieve and begin to learn about themselves.

76
Q

What is the third development stage of self-esteem?

A

4 years : positive self-esteem is reinforced by what the child can do successfully and independently, and by the feedback they receive.
- parents can encourage positive self-esteem by teaching problem-solving skills

77
Q

What can low self-esteem cause for a child?

A 
children to become ; 
passive
withdrawn 
depressed
easily frustrated 
Also have difficulty dealing with problems
78
Q

What factors can cause low self-esteem?

A

difficulties at school
physical and emotional changes
fitting in with peers and trying to gain acceptance

79
Q

What can determine self-image?

A

quality of social interaction in early childhood
influence of parents and caregivers - if parents ignores child or constantly makes negative comments then this can impact the way the child begins to see and think about themselves
life events
social roles

80
Q

What is social development?

A

learning how to interact socially with other individuals

81
Q

What are the 4 stages of play?

A

solo play x2
parallel play
associative play
co-operative play x2

82
Q

What is the solo play 0-1 year?

A
  • looks at parents closely
  • puts things in mouth and touches things with hands
  • plays alone with toys
  • begins to play simple games
  • begins to explore toys alone
83
Q

What is the solo play 12-18 months ?

A
  • begins to play and talk alone
  • repeats actions and starts to play with adults
  • notices other children
84
Q

What is the parallel play 18 months-2 years?

A
  • begins to enjoy repetitive actions
  • begins to copy other children and adults
  • enjoys playing with adults as well as on own
  • learns to complete tasks through trial and error
85
Q

What is the associative play 3-4 years?

A
  • begins to play cooperatively with other children
  • starts to show reasoning skills by answering questions
  • the join in pretend and fantasy games negotiating and taking on roles
86
Q

What is the co-operative play 4-6 years?

A
  • begins to use simple rules in games

- plays cooperatively towards a shared goal and takes turns when playing table top games with other children

87
Q

What is the co-operative play 6-8 years?

A
  • begins to enjoy playing in small groups, making up own games and rules
  • enjoys understanding and using rules, but does not cope well with losing
88
Q

What are the social benefits of friendships?

A
  • can help with coping with traumatic life events
  • help support with a healthy lifestyle
  • can help avoid loneliness
  • provide a sense of belonging = causes reduction of stress and depression
89
Q

What is the development of social relationships in infancy (0-2 years) ?

A

interacting with caregivers :
2 months - smile at human faces
3 months - they will respond when adults talk
5 months - can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar faces
- infants will make their first relationship as they form an emotional attachment to carers.

90
Q

What is the development of social relationships in childhood (2-8 years) ?

A

first social learning :

  • young children are emotional attached and dependent on adults that care for them
  • begins to learn social roles and behaviour
  • family environment creates ‘safe base’
  • learn to play cooperatively with other children
  • become more independent
  • form friendships
91
Q

What is the development of social relationships in adolescence (9-18 years) ?

A

secondary social learning :

  • sense-worth becomes influenced by peers and family
  • copy style of dress, beliefs, cultural values and behaviors through friends
  • have to cope with development of their sexuality and full independence from friends
92
Q

What is the development of social relationships in adulthood (19-65 years) ?

A 
maturity : 
during early adulthood ; 
- friendships still important
- form intimate relationships
- need to find employments/ establish career
- marriage and parenthood
during middle adulthood :
- experience time pressures that limit their time for social activities.
- reduction in social activities
93
Q

What is the development of social relationships in older adulthood (65 + years) ?

A
  • following retirement they have more time to develop friendships through taking up new hobbies and travels
  • others might choose to spend more time with close friends and family
94
Q

What is the development of independence in infancy?

A
  • young children are totally dependent on others for their care but towards the end they begin to become independent and attempt to do more for themselves.
95
Q

What is the development of independence in childhood?

A

still very dependent on parents and carers

  • widening their experience - starting school etc
  • children gradually become less reliant on people
96
Q

What is the development of independence in adolescence?

A
  • begin to question their sense of identity
  • begin to see themselves as separate and independent from their family
  • become more influenced by peer group norms and values
  • peer pressure can lead to people questioning choices and decisions
97
Q

Give 3 examples of life events which cause independence?

A

starting employment
leaving home
starting a family

98
Q

What is the development of independence in middle adulthood?

A
  • often have family responsibilities by then
  • can pursue hobbies and interests
  • reach the peak of their career
  • increased disposable income means more independence
  • changes to pension system may mean people have to work longer
  • sometimes have to look after grandchild which restricts independence
99
Q

What is the development of independence in later adulthood?

A

between 65 and 75 people remain active with busy social life, enjoying freedom.

Health & Social Care (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions