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biology year 11 > unit 1 aos 2 > Flashcards

unit 1 aos 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organism

A

a living thing made up of one or more cells

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2
Q

cell

A

the smallest functional unit of a living organism

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3
Q

tissue

A

a cluster of cells which
perform a shared function

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4
Q

organ

A

the combination of tissues and cells into a distinct structure that performs a specific function

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5
Q

system

A

a collection of organs and tissues that perform specific functions necessary for survival

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6
Q

muscle tissue

A

collection of animal cells that are capable of contraction. Includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

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7
Q

nervous tissue collection

A

collection
of animal cells that sense stimuli and initiate responses. Also known as nerve tissue

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8
Q

connective tissue

A

collection of many different animal cells that bind and support the other major tissue types

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9
Q

epithelial tissue

A

one of the basic tissue types in animals that line the outer surface of organs and blood vessels

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10
Q

digestive system

A

the collection of specialised tissues and organs responsible for the breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients

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11
Q

excretory system

A

the collection of organs and tissues that removes excess fluid and waste materials from the body

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12
Q

endocrine system

A

the collection of glands in animals responsible for producing hormones that can be transported in the bloodstream to regulate distant organs/cells

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13
Q

physical digestion

A

the breakdown of food into smaller pieces by processes such as chewing
and peristalsis. Also known as mechanical digestion

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14
Q

chemical digestion

A

chemical digestion
the breakdown of food into smaller molecules by digestive enzymes and stomach acid

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15
Q

villus (pl. villi)

A

finger-like projections from the surface of membranous structures to increase the surface area

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16
Q

microvillus (pl. microvilli)

A

microscopic projections on the surface of cells that increase cellular surface area

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17
Q

liver

A
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18
Q

urea

A

the main nitrogenous product of protein breakdown in mammals. Excreted in urine

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19
Q

kidneys

A

The kidneys filter blood to remove excess and unwanted materials from the bloodstream, producing a kidney filtrate which is excreted as urine.

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20
Q

urine

A

a fluid formed by the kidneys and stored in the bladder. One of the body’s major ways to remove excess water, solutes, and waste substances from the blood

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21
Q

filtrate

A

the fluid filtered from blood that passes through the nephron

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22
Q

renal arteries

A

arteries that deliver blood from the heart to the kidneys

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23
Q

nephron

A

a functional unit of
the kidney consisting of a glomerulus and tubule system through which filtrate passes and urine is produced

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24
Q

vascular tissues

A

vascular tissues conducting tissues that transport water
and nutrients throughout a plant. An encompassing term for the xylem tissue and phloem tissue

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25
Q

dermal tissue

A

dermal tissue collection of cells that form the outer linings of a plant

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26
Q

leaves

A

the plant organs that are responsible for photosynthesis

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27
Q

flowers

A

flowers the reproductive organ of angiosperms. Grows into fruit following fertilisation

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28
Q

fruit

A

fruit the seed-bearing structures that are responsible for the protection of developing seeds and seed dispersal

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29
Q

stem

A

stem the main body of the plant that provides support and connects the whole plant

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30
Q

roots

A

roots the plant organ embedded in the ground. Absorbs water and nutrients from soil, and provides support for the plant

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31
Q

root system

A

root system organ system in plants that is responsible for providing support to the plant and water and nutrient absorption from soil

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32
Q

shoot system

A

shoot system organ system in plants made up of reproductive organs, stems, and leaves

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33
Q

hormone

A

hormone a signalling molecule released from endocrine glands that regulates the growth or activity of target cells

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34
Q

xylem tissue

A

xylem tissue transports water and minerals in one direction, from the roots to the leaves

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35
Q

phloem tissue

A

phloem tissue transports sugars and other nutrients in two directions, to all the cells of the plant

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36
Q

vascular bundles

A

vascular bundles the close arrangement of xylem and phloem tissues

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37
Q

root hair cell

A

a cell with hair-like extensions that absorbs water and minerals from the soil into the root

38
Q

extracellular pathway

A

extracellular pathway
the pathway by which roots absorb the majority of water from the soil.

39
Q

cytoplasmic pathway

A

cytoplasmic pathway
the pathway by which roots absorb the majority of nutrients and essential minerals from the soil

40
Q

sieve cell

A

sieve cell the living hollow tubes of the phloem which stack end-to-end

41
Q

companion cell

A

companion cell the cells of the phloem that ensure sieve cells remain alive and regulate entry into the phloem

42
Q

sieve plates

A

sieve plates the porous plates separating adjacent sieve cells

43
Q

stoma

A

stoma (pl. stomata) small pore on the leaf’s surface that opens and closes to regulate gas exchange

44
Q

transpiration

A

transpiration the evaporation of water from leaves and movement of liquids up the xylem

45
Q

translocation

A

translocation the movement of substances from a source to other tissues in the plant via the phloem. Also known as source and sink movement

46
Q

guard cell

A

guard cell a pair of curved cells that surround a stoma. When hot they lose turgor pressure and become flaccid, closing the stomata to limit water loss

47
Q

stomatal pore

A

stomatal pore the opening in the centre of a turgid stoma, where gases freely enter or exit a leaf

48
Q

epidermal cell

A

epidermal cells the plant’s outermost cells which separate the plant from the external environment. These cells coat the leaves, fruits, stems, flowers, and roots of a plant. Also known as epidermis

49
Q

physical digestion

A

physical digestion the breakdown of food into smaller pieces by processes such as chewing
and peristalsis. Also known as mechanical digestion

50
Q

chemical digestion

A

chemical digestion
the breakdown of food into smaller molecules by digestive enzymes and stomach acid

51
Q

digestive tract

A

the pathway of organs that food and liquids travel through after being swallowed, leading to digestion and elimination. Also known as
the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal

52
Q

peristalsis

A

peristalsis coordinated muscular contractions and relaxations of the digestive tract wall that move food along the system

53
Q

chyme

A

chyme mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices that passes from the stomach to the small intestine

54
Q

liver

A

liver a large organ found in the abdomen that is involved in many metabolic processes including the breakdown of toxins

55
Q

gallbladder

A

gallbladder bile-storing organ that releases bile into the small intestine

56
Q

pancreas

A

pancreas an organ of the digestive and endocrine system that releases both digestive juices and hormones, namely insulin and glucagon which regulate blood glucose levels

57
Q

small intestine

A

connects the stomach to the large intestine and is a major site of nutrient absorption during digestionmall intestine connects the stomach to the large intestine and is a major site of nutrient absorption during digestion

58
Q

glomerulus

A

(pl. glomeruli)
a network of capillaries that deliver blood to the Bowman’s capsule

59
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Bowman’s capsule the first section of the nephron which collects filtered blood from the glomerulus

60
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule
the portion of the nephron tubule that lies between the Bowman’s capsule and the loop of Henle

61
Q

loop of Henle

A

loop of Henle a u-shaped loop of the nephron that recovers water and salts from filtrate

62
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

distal convoluted tubule
the portion of the nephron tubule that lies between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct

63
Q

collecting duct

A

collecting duct the final section of the nephron tubule that collects urine and delivers it to the bladder for excretion

64
Q

ureter

A

ureter the tube through which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder

65
Q

signalling molecule

A

a molecule which can interact with and initiate a response in a target cell

66
Q

hormone

A

a signalling molecule released from endocrine glands that regulates the growth or activity of target cells

67
Q

receptor

A

a structure (usually a protein) that detects a signal or external change

68
Q

target cell

A

target cell a cell that will receive and respond to a specific signalling molecule

69
Q

gland

A

gland a group of cells that secretes chemical substances to regions of the body or discharges them into the surroundings

70
Q

hypothalamus

A

The hypothalamus a section of the brain in mammals that controls much of the body’s internal environment via hormone secretion

71
Q

pituitary gland

A

a gland in the brain that plays a large role in maintaining bodily functions by controlling the activity of several other endocrine glands

72
Q

pineal gland

A

a small gland in the brain which helps regulate sleep patterns

73
Q

thyroid gland

A

a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that produces hormones that influence metabolic rate

74
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four small glands in the neck that control the levels of calcium in the body

75
Q

adrenal glands

A

collection of endocrine cells located above the kidneys that produce a variety of hormones involved in the stress response, including cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline

76
Q

positive feedback system

A

a stimulus–response process in which the response increases the stimulus

77
Q

negative feedback system

A

egative feedback system a stimulus–response process in which the response counters the stimulus

78
Q

receptor

A

r a structure that detects a signal or external change, usually a protein

79
Q

modulator

A

location where information from receptors is sent to and compared to a set point, and where molecules altering
the functioning of an effector
are released. Also known as
the processing centre

80
Q

effector

A

a molecule, cell, or organ that responds to a signal and produces a response

81
Q

response

A

the action of a cell, organ, or organism caused by a stimulus

82
Q

conduction

A

the transfer of heat through physical contact with another object

83
Q

convection

A

the transfer of heat via the movement of a liquid or gas between areas of different temperature

84
Q

thermoregulation

A

thermoregulation
the homeostatic process of maintaining a constant internal body temperature

85
Q

glycogen

A

a polysaccharide of glucose that stores energy. Serves as the main storage of glucose in the body

86
Q

hyperglycaemia

A

the state of having blood glucose levels above the normal range (>7.8 mmol/L)

87
Q

hypoglycaemia

A

the state of having blood glucose levels below the normal range (<4.0 mmol/L)

87
Q

osmoregulation

A

osmoregulation the homeostatic regulation of osmolality in the body via the alteration of water and solute balance

88
Q

insulin

A

insulin a hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are elevated

89
Q
A

biology year 11 (8 decks)

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