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biology year 11 > unit 1 aos 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 aos 1 Flashcards

chapter 3

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1
Q

passive transport

A

the movement of molecules through a semipermeable membrane and down the concentration gradient, without an input of energy

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2
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane that requires energy

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3
Q

diffusion

A

the passive movement of molecules from areas of
high concentration to areas of low concentration (down the concentration gradient)

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4
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in solute concentration between two adjacent areas

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5
Q

solute

A

a substance dissolved in the solvent

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6
Q

solvent

A

liquid in which a solute is dissolved, forming a solution

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7
Q

nonpolar

A

describes a molecule without a clearly positive or negative end. These tend to
be hydrophobic

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8
Q

polar

A

describes a molecule with both a positive end and a negative end. These tend to be hydrophilic

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9
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

a type of passive transport where molecules move through a phospholipid bilayer with
the aid of a membrane protein

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10
Q

protein channel

A

a transmembrane protein pore in a phospholipid bilayer that selectively enables transport of large or polar molecules

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11
Q

carrier protein

A

a membrane protein that undergoes conformational change to transport molecules across a membrane

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12
Q

osmosis

A

the passive transport of a solvent (typically water) through a semipermeable membrane
from a region of high water concentration, low solute (high solvent) to a region of high solute (low solvent), to a region of low water concentration.

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13
Q

hypertonic

A

describes a solution with a higher solute concentration when compared to another solution

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14
Q

isotonic

A

describes a solution with the same solute concentration as another solution

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15
Q

hypotonic

A

describes a solution with a lower solute concentration when compared to another solution

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16
Q

exocytosis

A

a type of bulk transport that moves large substances out of the cell

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17
Q

endocytosis

A

a type of bulk transport that moves large substances into the cell

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18
Q

surface area : volume ratio (SA:V)

A

a comparison of the amount of surface area per unit of volume. In Biology, SA:V influences temperature regulation, and a
high SA:V leads to more effective transport into and out of cells

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19
Q

simple diffusion

A

the diffusion of solutes across the plasma membrane.

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20
Q

homeostasis

A

homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment within a narrow range, despite changes to the external environment.

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21
Q

cell theory

A

cell theory the idea that all living things are made of cells, cells are the smallest functional unit of living things, and all cells come from pre-existing cells

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22
Q

prokaryotes

A

prokaryotes a group of single-celled organisms with no nucleus and a circular loop of DNA. Bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotic

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23
Q

eukaryotes

A

eukaryotes a group of single and multi-celled organisms with a nucleus and linear strands of DNA. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotic

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24
Q

plasma membrane

A

the phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins which separate the intracellular environment from the extracellular environment.Also known as cell membrane

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25
Q

cytosol

A

cytosol the aqueous fluid that surrounds the organelles inside a cell

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26
Q

membrane-bound organelle

A

membrane-bound organelle
structure within a cell that is enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer

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27
Q

chromosome

A

chromosome the structure made of protein and nucleic acids that carries genetic information

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28
Q

somatic cell

A

somatic cell any cell that is not a reproductive cell (such as sperm and egg cells). Somatic cells are diploid (2n), meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes – one inherited from each parent

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29
Q

mitosis

A

the cell division phase which involves the complete separation of sister chromatids and nuclei

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30
Q

germline cells

A

germline cells cells that are involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes

31
Q

gametes reproductive

A

cells that arise from germline cells that contain half the genetic material (n) of a somatic cell. In humans, gametes are sperm and eggs

32
Q

meiosis

A

a specialised form of cell division used to produce gametes in sexually-reproducing organisms

33
Q

binary fission

A

the method of cell replication used by prokaryotes

34
Q

red blood cells

A

cells that transport oxygen through the bloodstream and do not contain a nucleus

35
Q

surface area : volume ratio

A

surface area : volume ratio (SA:V) a comparison of the amount of surface area per unit of volume. In Biology, SA:V influences temperature regulation, and a
high SA:V leads to more effective transport into and out of cells

36
Q

selective permeability

A

a property of cell membranes that ensures only specific substances pass across them. Also known as semipermeable

37
Q

phospholipid

A

phospholipid the main molecule of which membranes are composed. They have a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails

38
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

a double layer of amphiphilic molecules that forms the primary component of cell membranes

39
Q

phosphate head

A

the hydrophilic subunit of a phospholipid-polar

40
Q

fatty acid tail

A

the hydrophobic lipid subunit of a phospholipid- non-polar

41
Q

hydrophilic

A

having a tendency to be attracted to and dissolve in water

42
Q

polar

A

polar describes a molecule with both a positive end and negative end. These tend to be hydrophilic

43
Q

hydrophobic

A

hydrophobic having a tendency to repel and be insoluble in water

44
Q

nonpolar

A

nonpolar describes a molecule without a clearly positive or negative end. These tend to
be hydrophobic

45
Q

amphipathic

A

amphipathic describes molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components.
Also known as amphiphilic

46
Q

integral protein

A

integral protein a protein that is permanently secured to the plasma membrane

47
Q

transmembrane protein

A

transmembrane protein an integral protein that spans the entire plasma membrane

48
Q

peripheral protein

A

peripheral protein a protein that is temporarily attached to the plasma membrane

49
Q

cytoskeleton

A

cytoskeleton the microscopic web of protein filaments in the cytoplasm. It provides structure and support, and transports products around the cell

50
Q

glycolipid

A

glycolipid a phospholipid bound to a carbohydrate

51
Q

glycoprotein

A

glycoprotein a protein bound to a carbohydrate

52
Q

tonicity

A

a measure of the relative concentration of solutes on either side of a semipermeable membrane, described as hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic

53
Q

turgid

A

turgid describes plant cells that are swollen and firm from water uptake

54
Q

bulk transport

A

bulk transport a type of active transport that uses vesicles to move large molecules or groups of molecules into or out of the cell. Also known as cytosis

55
Q

vesicle

A

vesicle a small membrane-bound sac that transports or stores substances within a cell

56
Q

exocytosis

A

exocytosis a type of bulk transport that moves large substances out of the cell

57
Q

endocytosis

A

endocytosis a type of bulk transport that moves large substances into the cell

58
Q

phagocytosis

A

endocytosis of solid
material or food particles

59
Q

pinocytosis

A

pinocytosis endocytosis of liquid or dissolved substances

60
Q

binary fission

A

the method of cell replication used by prokaryotes

61
Q
A
62
Q

steps of binary fission

A

-The circular chromosome is uncoiled and the DNA is replicated. Plasmids also replicate.

  • the cell elongates as it prepares to separate into two new cells and the duplicated circular chromosomes migrate to opposite ends

-cell then begins to undergo cytokinesis – the process of separating into two new cells – by pinching inwards and creating a septum.

-A new cell wall and membrane are formed down the centre of the cell.

-two new genetically identical cells are formed

63
Q

plasmid

A

a small, circular loop of DNA that is separate from a chromosome, typically found in bacteria

64
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytokinesis the division of the cytoplasm and formation of two daughter cells

65
Q

septum

A

septum a dividing wall formed during binary fission

66
Q

interphase

A

interphase the first stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle which involves cellular growth and duplication of chromosomes. Composed of three phases: G1, S, and G2

67
Q

chromosome

A

chromosome a structure composed of DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins. Carries the genetic information (genes)
of a cell

68
Q

chromatid

A

chromatid one half of a double- stranded chromosome

69
Q

centromere

A

centromere the structure which holds sister chromatids together

70
Q

apoptosis

A

apoptosis the controlled death of cells in the body. Also known as programmed cell death

71
Q

stem cell

A

undifferentiated
cells with the capability of differentiating into specialised cells

72
Q

differentiation

A

differentiation the development of a stem cell into a specialised cell with a particular function

73
Q

specialised cells

A

which serve a unique, particular function

biology year 11 (8 decks)

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