Unit 1 Flashcards
What is motor control?
-the control and organization of processes underlying movement; that is already aquired
What is motor learning?
-the acquisition of skill through practice and experience; also includes the modification of movement
What is motor development?
-the age related process to changes in motor behavrio; the ability to perform certain activities based on normal developement
What position do most infants start out in?
-Physiological flexion
What do infants gain first, antigravity extension or flexion?
-Antigravity extension
Which direction to most infants learn to roll first?
-prone to supine, then supine to prone
In what direction does motor control develop?
-head to toes
What develops first, mobility or stability?
-mobility; this is why infants are able to move arms and legs before they are able to support their head
What are the 3 phases of stability development?
-Structural stability, positional stability, Internal stability
What is structural stability due to?
-tissue tightness; ex: physiological flexion
What is positional stability?
-the use of body parts to gain a larger base of supprt
What is internal stability?
-include righting reactions and equilibrium
As an infant develops posture, what happens to the base of support and ROM?
-BOS decreases; ROM increases
What is needed if the child does not develop internal stability?
-external stability
What is controlled mobility?
-the utilization of mobility and stability for functional tasks
What is skill?
-the use of controlled mobility, mobility, and stability to interact with an object while maintaining a position
How does posture present early in infancy?
-Assymetrically
When does posture become more symmetrical?
-about 4 months
What develops after symetrical posture/movement?
-controlled assymetry
What type of contractures are normal in infants?
-Flexion contractures
How Should posture present in infants?
-flexion like in womb, hands fisted, head in midline and the child should be visually aware
If an infants hands are too tightly fisted, what might this indicate?
-A nuerologic impairment
What should a child be able to do with their head in early infancy?
-move it side to side to clear their airway
A baby before before what week of gestation is considered premature?
-37 weeks
How will a premature infants posture differ from those born at normal gestation?
-They show decreased physiological flexion, and low muscle tone
What do premature infants have a limited ability to do?
-Self calm
What is an issue with preemies being place in the prone position?
-They have limited ability to move their head to clear their airway
What type of skills are poor in preemies?
-feeding
What does APGAR stand for?
-Appearance (skin color), Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration
How do you score Appearance on the APGAR?
-0= pale or blue; 1= body normal, extremities blue; 2= normal
How do you score Pulse on the APGAR?
-0=absent; 1= < 100; 2= >100
How do you score Grimace on the APGAR?
-0= no response; 1= grimace; 2=cry
How do you score Activity (muscle tone) on the APGAR?
-0= limp; 1= some reflexes of extremities; 2= active motion
How do you score Respiration on the APGAR?
-0=absent; 1= slow and irregular; 2=good and strong
What is = the best possible condition on the APGAR?
-1-
An APGAR score below what indicates a high risk infant?
-7
An APGAR score of what indicates the need for supplemental oxygen?
-5 to 7
A score of what on the APGAR indicates severe asphyxia and the need for resuscitation?
- equal or less than 2
The APGAR score at what time is a large predictor of the chance of survival and possible neurological damage?
-5 minutes
When are neonatal reflexes integrated?
-in the womb
When do neonatal reflexes typically appear?
-at the end of the second trimester
When do equilibrium reactions normally appear?
-at 4 to 6 months in prone and supine
When do equilibrium reactions mature?
-4 to 6 years
Moving the COM inside the BOS is considered what type of reaction?
-Righting
Moving the COM outside the BOS is considered what type of reaction?
-equilibrium
What is the order at which equilibrium actions occur?
-Prone, Supine, Side-lying, sitting, quad, knelling, standing
When does equilibrium reactions appear in prone?
- 6 months
When does equilibrium reactions appear in Supine?
-7 months
When does equilibrium reactions appear in sitting?
-8 months
When does equilibrium reactions appear in quad?
-9 months
When does equilibrium reactions appear in standing?
-12 months
When should a child be able to assume the prone on elbows position?
-2 to 3 months
When should a child be able to roll from supine to side lying?
-3 to 4 months
What 4 normal gross motor milestones should occur at 5 months?
- pull to sit without head lag; rolling prone to supine, feet to mouth, self supported sitting propped forward on arms
What for gross motor mile stones normally appear at 6 to 7 months?
-rolling supine to prone, sitting without support, sitting equilibrium reaction (forward), transition from quad to sitting,
What else normally starts to develop at 6 to 7 months?
-fine motor skills
What four motor milestones occur at 8 to 9 months?
-Cruising sideways, sitting equilibrium side ways, creeping, pulls to stand
What four motor mile stones occur at 10-11 months?
-sitting equilirium (backward), Standing alone briefly, creeps up stairs, walks with hand held for assistance
What motor mile stones occur at 12-15 months?
-walking independently, squats to play and returns to standing
What motor milestones occur at 16-18 months?
-runs stiffly, walks up and down stairs with hand rail and step to pattern
What motor milestones occur at 2-2.5 years?
-walks backward, walks up and down stairs with step through pattern
What motor milestones occur at 3 years?
-emering adult like gait, jumps with two ffet together, able to rise onto toes and maintains
What motor milestones occur at 4 years?
-can ambulate on stairs without support and step through gait pattern, tandem walking
What motor milestones occur at 5 years?
-skipping, SLS for 10 seconds, hop on one foot 8-10x, mature throwing pattern
