Unit 1

Question 1

Shoulder

Answer 1

Ball and Socket

Scapula
Humerus
Clavicle

Question 2

Elbow

Answer 2

Hinge joint

Humerus
Ulna
Radius

Question 3

Wrist

Answer 3

Condyloid

Ulna
Radius
Carpals

Question 4

Hip

Answer 4

Ball and Socket

Pelvic girdle
Femur

Question 5

Knee

Answer 5

Hinge joint

Femur
Fibula
Tibia

Question 6

Ankle

Answer 6

Hinge joint

Talus
Fibula
Tibia

Question 7

Planes of movement

Answer 7

Frontal (Flaging)

Sagittal (Spotty dogs)

Transverse (Terrible Tenbury Warm up)

Question 8

Agonist

Answer 8

A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint

Question 9

Antagonist

Answer 9

A muscle that opposes the agonist, providing resistance for co ordinated movement.

Question 10

Fixator

Answer 10

A muscle that stabilises one part of the body whilst another moves

Question 11

Antagonistic muscle action

Answer 11

As the agonist shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to coordinate the action.

Question 12

Isotonic muscle contraction

Answer 12

Muscle contraction when a muscle changes its length during contraction

Concentric -> muscle contraction when a muscle shortens producing tension

Eccentric -> muscle contraction when a muscle lengthens producing tension

Question 13

Isometric

Answer 13

Muscle contraction when a muscle contracts but doesn’t change it’s length during contraction

Question 14

Motor unit structure

Answer 14

(1 mark)
The motor neurone and its muscle fibres

(4 marks)
Motor neurone cell body transmits impulse.
Axon carries charge from motor neurone to motor end plate.
Motor end plate connects axon and muscle fibres.
Muscle fibres contract to create movement.

Question 15

Motor unit roles

Answer 15

1) Nerve impulse is initiated in the motor neurone cell body.
2) Nerve impulse is transmitted down the axon by the Nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft.
3) Neurotransmitter is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the Nerve impulse across the gap.
4) If the electrical charge is above the threshold the muscle fibres will contract.
5) This happens in an all or none fashion.

Question 16

Muscle fibre characteristics

Answer 16

Type 1   Type 2a  Type 2b
Mitochondria  High      Med        Low
density
Capillaries       High      Med        Low
density
Myoglobin       High      Med        Low
content

Question 17

Muscle fibre functions

Answer 17

Type 1 Type 2a Type 2b
Resistance High Med Low
to fatigue
Aerobic High Med Low
capacity
Anaerobic High Med Low
capacity

Question 18

Muscle fibre recruitment

Answer 18

Recruited in a ramp like ladder

Low intensity: Type I
Med intensity: Type I/Type IIa
High intensity: Type I/Type IIa/Type IIb

Muscle fibre recruitment is always force dependent.