Unit 1

Question 1

Epidemiology definition

Answer 1

the study of frequency, distribution and determinants of helaht and disease in populations and the application of this study to contorl

Question 2

health

Answer 2

a state of complete physical, mental and soical well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 3

Disease definition

Answer 3

derangement in the funciton of the whole body of the host or any of its parts. A physiological/psychological dysfuntion, illness is a subjective state of the person who feels aware of not being well

Question 4

Primary disease prevention

Answer 4

Occurs before the onset of disease, prevention of the disease altogether. Focuses on helath promotion and health protection. Aim to increase a individuals resistance to disease and to decrease an individuals susceptbility to disease

Ex. lab personnel wearing lab coats, gloves, and goggles. Anti smoking ads

Question 5

Secondary disease prevention

Answer 5

Early detection of the disease thorugh screening.

Ex. stool teats for unsean presence of blood for a possible sign of colon cancers, mammograms

Question 6

Tertiary prevention

Answer 6

Addressing the result of clinical illness in order to lessen theimpact of the disease. Focuses on treatment of signs and symptoms of disease

Question 7

Ingaz Semmelweis

Answer 7

Childhood fever

Question 8

Edward Jenner

Answer 8

Smallpox

Question 9

John Snow

Answer 9

Cholera

Question 10

James Lind

Answer 10

Randomized control trial for scurvy. Trials showed that citrius cured scurvy

Question 11

Sir Percival Pott

Answer 11

Earliest accounts for cause and effect linkage for occupational carinogen. Chimney-sweeper cancer

Question 12

Factors between health and disease

Answer 12

host, agent and envrionmental factors

Question 13

Direct vs. indriect modes of transmission

Answer 13

diect: ex. person to person contact
indirect: involes an addditonal route such as ingestion, aerial, fomites, sexual contact

Question 14

Horiztonal transmission

Answer 14

transmission of an infectious agent between members of the same species that do not have a parent child relationship

Question 15

Vertical transmission

Answer 15

Transmission of an infectious agent from mother to embryo. fetus or babe before, during, or just after pregnancy

Question 16

Zoonosis

Answer 16

zoonotic disease that is naturally tranmissible from veterbrate animals to man. Vectors are important and primarlity responsbiel for transmitting the disease, vectors are insects, or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent fomr an infected individuals to susceptiable indivudlas

Question 17

Infected definition

Answer 17

infected refers to a host tha tis invaded by microorganisms mutiple, and the host’s immune system responsds, **show clinical symptoms

Question 18

Diseased definition

Answer 18

refers to an infection that causes clinical sign/symptoms

** someimtes will not show any symptoms

Question 19

Carriers of disease

Answer 19

carriers harbour a disease and are capable of spreading a disease but do not appear to be sick

Question 20

Development of a disease

Answer 20

1. stage of susceptibility 2. stage of pre-symptomatic disease 3. stage of clinical disease 4. stage of disability or recovery

Question 21

Latent period

Answer 21

the time between being exposed to a sufficeint cuase of disease and being able to detect that disease state once its underway

Question 22

Incubation period

Answer 22

the time between beind exposed to a suffiecient cuase of disease and the onset of clinical signs

Question 23

Endemic

Answer 23

a disease that is habitually prsent within a given geoprahic area, at an expecte level

Question 24

Epidemic

Answer 24

refers to a disease that appears as new cases in a given population during a given period of time that substantially exceeds what is expected

Question 25

Pandmic

Answer 25

refers to a disease that is widespread over a large are

Question 26

Sporadic

Answer 26

occurs only occasional in a population ie. prevalence is 0