Unit 1 & 2 Flashcards
Mary Whiton Calkins
first female APA president
Charles Darwin
Theory of Evolution
Dorothea Dix
Reformed treatment of mentally ill
G Stanley Hall
Founded the APA
william james
functionalism
ivan pavlov
classical conditioning
jean piaget
cognitive development
carl rogers
humanistic psychology
BF Skinner
operant conditioning
Margaret Floy Washburn
first female to be granted psychology PhD
John B Watson
behaviorism
wilhelm wundt
father of psychology
sigmund freud
psychoanalysis
Psychoanalytical
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
humanistic
how we meet our needs for love and acceptance and we achieve self fulfillment
evolutionary
how natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes
biological
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, sensory experiences; how genes combine. what’s happening in brain to cause problems.
cognitive
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve info thinking
behavioral
how we learn observable responses “if you want to change, YOU need to change”
sociocultural
how behaviors and thinking vary across situations and cultures
clinical
asses and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders. administrate and interpret tests, provide counseling and therapy, and sometimes conduct basic research.
educational
studying influences on teaching and learnjng
industrial/ organizations
use psychology’s concepts and methods in the work place to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost moral and productivity, design products, and implement systems
counseling
help people to cope with challenges and crises and to help improve their personal and social functioning
developmental
study our changing abilities from womb to tomb
personality psychologists
investigate our persistent traits
social psychologists
exploring how we view and affect one another
psychiatrists
licensed medical professionals who can prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders
positive psychology
the scientific study of human functioning with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
experimental psychologists
diverse groups of scientists who investigate a variety of basic behavioral processes in humans and other animals.
Psychometric and quantitative psychologists
study the methods and techniques used to acquire psychological knowledge.
forensic psychologists
apply psychological principles to legal issues
neuropsychologist
investigate the relationship between neurological processes (structure and function of the nervous system) and behavior.
rehabilitation psychologist
are researchers and practitioners who work with people who have lost optimal functioning after an accident, illness, or other event.
school psychologist
are involved in the assessment of and intervention for children in educational settings.
sport psychologists
study the psychological factors that influence, and are influenced by, participation in sports and other physical activities
empiricism
the view that knowledge originates from experience and that science should rely on experimentation and observation
introspection
self reflection ~ through the senses you tell about it
what are the two academic disciplines that shaped the development of psychological thought?
philosophy and physiology
who wrote the 1st psych book?
william james
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning and outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
operational definition
a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
what are the descriptive methods?
case study, naturalistic observation, and survey
what does descriptive method mean?
observe behavior in order to describe relationships among behaviors and events
case study is a..
technique which detailed consideration is given to a person, group, or situation over a period of time.
case study example
football head injury
naturalist observation definition
you record behaviors as they occur in their natural settings.
natural observations example
30 year old man who lived with frat boys to know how they lived and they all acted like angels cuz he was there
survey definition
self reported attitudes or behaviors of a group or person. usually by questioning a representative of random sample of a group.
negative correlation
the inverse
correlation study
a type of research design that looks at the relationships between two or more variables
correlational coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two variables
positive correlation
a relationship between two variables that move in tandem (aka the same direction)
illusory correlation
the perception of a relationship where none exists. “when we believe there is a relationship between two things, we are more likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our beliefs”
double-blind procedure
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.
control group
doesn’t receive treatment
experimental group
receive treatment
descriptive statistics
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups
histogram
a bar graph
standard deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
range
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
normal curve
a bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of data. Most scores fall near the mean
inferential statistics
numerical data that allow you to generalize- or infer- from sample data the probability of something being true of a population
statistical significance
when sample averages are reliable and when the difference between them is relatively large
informed consent
an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
