unit 1 Flashcards by Bridget McConkey

96% of living matter:

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
(CHON)

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remaining 4% of living matter:

phosphorus
calcium
sulfur
potassium
(PCaSK)

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number of electrons in valence shell determine:

chemical behaviour + stability

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periodic table: PERIOD

row

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periodic table: FAMILY

column

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same period of elements:

same # of shells

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same family of elements:

same valence + chemical properties

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chemical relativity: ATOMS tend to

EMPTY or COMPLETE valence shell (determines chem reactions + creates bonds)

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STRONG to WEAK: types of bonds

ionic, covalent, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen, dipole-dipole, london dispersion

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STRONG to WEAK: bond numbers

triple, double, single

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double/triple bonds:

atoms sharing 2+ pairs of e-

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polar covalent bonds:

electrons shared unequally by atoms

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e.g. polar covalent bond

WATER (O has higher e.n.)

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water has interesting properties because of its

+ and - poles (polarity)

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hydrogen bonding: polar water makes molecular attractions

+ve H in one H2O attracted to -ve O in other H2O OR wherever -OH exists in larger molecule

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water: STICKY MOLECULE

molecules form H bonds with each other (polarity: good solvent)

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hydrophobic:

not attracted to water, NON POLAR, e.g. fats

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hydrophilic

attracted to water, POLAR, e.g. glucose

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organic chemistry:

the study of carbon compounds

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most organic compounds:

hydrocarbons

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two classifications of hydrocarbons

saturated vs unsaturated

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saturated:

single bonds between c, don’t react with H

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unsaturated:

double or triple bonds between c, react with H

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hydrocarbons are nonpolar and form

straight/branched chains + ringlike structures

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the names of hydrocarbons reflect

of carbons, # and location of any double/triple bonds + any functional groups

prefix for 1 C in longest C chain:

meth

prefix for 2 Cs in longest C chain:

eth

prefix for 3 Cs in longest C chain:

prop

prefix for 4 Cs in longest C chain:

but

prefix for 5 Cs in longest C chain:

pent

hydrocarbon:

H bonded to C

alkane formula

CnH2n+2

alkanes end in "ane" and are

saturated

alkenes formula

CnH2n

alkanes have ___ bonds

single

alkenes have ___ bonds

double

alkynes have ___ bonds

triple

alkenes end in

ene (1 double bond), adiene (2 double bonds), atriene (3 double bonds)

alkenes are

unsaturated

when numbering alkene Cs in longest chain, 1st C is closest to

double bond

alkynes are

unsaturated

alkynes end in

yne (1 triple bond), adiyne (2), atriyne (3)

cyclic hydrocarbons: ___ prefix added to alkene/alkane

"cyclic"

types of cyclic hydrocarbons

cyclohexane, cyclohexene

benzene:

cyclohexane w 3 double bonds

functional groups:

site of chemical reactivity in a molecule

functional groups ___ molecules

differentiate

common functional groups: C with ____ attachments

H O S P

site of chemical reactions:

functional groups

functional groups are reactive _____

clusters of atoms attached to the C backbone

phosphorus can have more than

4 bonds

functional groups list

hydroxyl carbonyl (x2) carboxyl amino sulfhydryl phosphate

organic compound w hydroxyl

alcohol

organic compound w carbonyl

aldehyde

organic compound w amino

amines

organic compound w sulfhydryl group

thiol

organic compound w carboxylic group

carboxylic acid

butane parent chain +

functional group = chemical

aldehyde is at the

terminal carbon

keton is

within chain

carboxyl group satisfies

end bonds (1 or 5)

macromolecules formula

(CH2O)n

carbohydrates subunit

simple sugars

lipids subunit

glycerol + fatty acids

proteins subunit

amino acids

nucleic acids subunit

nucleotides

carbohydrates are produced through

plants and algae through photosynthesis

carbohydrates are used for

energy, building materials, cell identification + communication

carbohydrates contain CHO in

1:2:1 ratio (e.g. glucose C6H12O6)

carbohydrates 3 groups:

monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

polysaccharides e.g.

cellulose

monosaccharides e.g.

glucose, fructose, galactose

oligosaccharides e.g.

sucrose, maltose

monosaccharides =

simple sugars

oligosaccharides =

2 or 3 monosaccharides

polysaccharides =

full chain (100s or 1000s) of monosaccharides, polymer

polysaccharides food example

rice, pasta

a-glucose:

50% chance OH group of c1 be BELOW plane of ring

b-glucose:

50% chance OH group of C1 be ABOVE plane

glucose is found in

fruits and vegetables

basic structure of glucose in dry form:

straight chain, ring structure solution

fructose found commonly in

fruits

fructose is an isomer of

glucose (same # and types of atoms, different arrangement

isomer:

same # and types of atoms, different arrangement

main difference between glucose and fructose

fructose has a ketone

anabolic:

building up

catabolic:

breaking down

organic macromolecules are composed of

many tiny subunits linked together

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are

assembled the same

to link subunits of macromolecules, a covalent bond is formed between two whete

one has a hydroxyl group OR one has a hydrogen

dehydration synthesis is also called

condensation reaction

in dehydration synthesis, there are

two subunits that link together through removal of a water molecule

dehydration synthesis is

an anabolic reaction that absorbs energy

example of dehydration synthesis

glucose + glucose => maltose

catalysis

energy required in dehydration synthesis to position two subunits + apply stress to break bonds

hydrolysis reaction

when macromolecules break and water is added to separate linkage groups

oligosaccharides/disaccharides: 2/3 simple sugars attached by

covalent glycosidic linkages, formed by condensation reactions

starch characteristics

white and powdery not very water soluble not sweet

sugar

white crystals readily dissolves in H2O usually sweet

glycogen is produced by

animals

glycogen is a polymer of

glucose

excess glucose is stored in

muscle and liver cells as glycogen

glycogen is hydrolyzed when

glucose levels low in blood

when you don’t eat, your body

releases broken down glucose (glycogen) in cells

glycogen is basically the

stored form of glucose

pectin:

complex mixture of polysaccharides

pectin is in foods as a

gelling agent (jams + jellys)

when mixed with water, pectin

swells, and the polysaccharides interlock and trap the water

pectin needs pH of

<3.5, sugar=50%

cellulose/dietary fibre is found

in plant cell walls

cellulose is one linear chain of

b-glucose

enzyme that digests cellulose:

cellulase

enzyme that digests lactose:

lactase

properties of mono and disaccharides

white crystalline compound (s) dissolves readily im water sweet at diff levels

polysaccharides are

100s to 1000s of monosaccharides held by glycosidic linkages

polysaccharides are for

storage structural support starch and glycogen storage

starch is a mix of

two types of polysaccharides

starch polysaccharides:

20% amylase, 80% amylopectin

chitin:

polymer of special glucose molecules w nitrogen groups + C

chitin makes up

anthropoid exoskeletons and mushrooms

second most abundant natural compound

chitin

gum:

complex hydrophilic polysaccharides

gum + water =>

thick solutions

how many natural gums used by humans