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unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

96% of living matter:

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
(CHON)

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2
Q

remaining 4% of living matter:

A

phosphorus
calcium
sulfur
potassium
(PCaSK)

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3
Q

number of electrons in valence shell determine:

A

chemical behaviour + stability

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4
Q

periodic table: PERIOD

A

row

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5
Q

periodic table: FAMILY

A

column

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6
Q

same period of elements:

A

same # of shells

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7
Q

same family of elements:

A

same valence + chemical properties

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8
Q

chemical relativity: ATOMS tend to

A

EMPTY or COMPLETE valence shell (determines chem reactions + creates bonds)

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9
Q

STRONG to WEAK: types of bonds

A

ionic, covalent, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen, dipole-dipole, london dispersion

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10
Q

STRONG to WEAK: bond numbers

A

triple, double, single

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11
Q

double/triple bonds:

A

atoms sharing 2+ pairs of e-

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12
Q

polar covalent bonds:

A

electrons shared unequally by atoms

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13
Q

e.g. polar covalent bond

A

WATER (O has higher e.n.)

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14
Q

water has interesting properties because of its

A

+ and - poles (polarity)

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15
Q

hydrogen bonding: polar water makes molecular attractions

A

+ve H in one H2O attracted to -ve O in other H2O OR wherever -OH exists in larger molecule

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16
Q

water: STICKY MOLECULE

A

molecules form H bonds with each other (polarity: good solvent)

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17
Q

hydrophobic:

A

not attracted to water, NON POLAR, e.g. fats

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18
Q

hydrophilic

A

attracted to water, POLAR, e.g. glucose

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19
Q

organic chemistry:

A

the study of carbon compounds

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20
Q

most organic compounds:

A

hydrocarbons

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21
Q

two classifications of hydrocarbons

A

saturated vs unsaturated

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22
Q

saturated:

A

single bonds between c, don’t react with H

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23
Q

unsaturated:

A

double or triple bonds between c, react with H

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24
Q

hydrocarbons are nonpolar and form

A

straight/branched chains + ringlike structures

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25
Q

the names of hydrocarbons reflect

A

of carbons, # and location of any double/triple bonds + any functional groups

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26
Q

prefix for 1 C in longest C chain:

A

meth

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27
Q

prefix for 2 Cs in longest C chain:

A

eth

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28
Q

prefix for 3 Cs in longest C chain:

A

prop

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29
Q

prefix for 4 Cs in longest C chain:

A

but

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30
Q

prefix for 5 Cs in longest C chain:

A

pent

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31
Q

hydrocarbon:

A

H bonded to C

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32
Q

alkane formula

A

CnH2n+2

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33
Q

alkanes end in “ane” and are

A

saturated

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34
Q

alkenes formula

A

CnH2n

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35
Q

alkanes have ___ bonds

A

single

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36
Q

alkenes have ___ bonds

A

double

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37
Q

alkynes have ___ bonds

A

triple

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38
Q

alkenes end in

A

ene (1 double bond), adiene (2 double bonds), atriene (3 double bonds)

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39
Q

alkenes are

A

unsaturated

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40
Q

when numbering alkene Cs in longest chain, 1st C is closest to

A

double bond

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41
Q

alkynes are

A

unsaturated

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42
Q

alkynes end in

A

yne (1 triple bond), adiyne (2), atriyne (3)

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43
Q

cyclic hydrocarbons: ___ prefix added to alkene/alkane

A

“cyclic”

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44
Q

types of cyclic hydrocarbons

A

cyclohexane, cyclohexene

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45
Q

benzene:

A

cyclohexane w 3 double bonds

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46
Q

functional groups:

A

site of chemical reactivity in a molecule

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47
Q

functional groups ___ molecules

A

differentiate

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48
Q

common functional groups: C with ____ attachments

A

H O S P

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49
Q

site of chemical reactions:

A

functional groups

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50
Q

functional groups are reactive _____

A

clusters of atoms attached to the C backbone

51
Q

phosphorus can have more than

A

4 bonds

52
Q

functional groups list

A

hydroxyl
carbonyl (x2)
carboxyl
amino
sulfhydryl
phosphate

53
Q

organic compound w hydroxyl

A

alcohol

54
Q

organic compound w carbonyl

A

aldehyde

55
Q

organic compound w amino

A

amines

56
Q

organic compound w sulfhydryl group

A

thiol

57
Q

organic compound w carboxylic group

A

carboxylic acid

58
Q

butane parent chain +

A

functional group = chemical

59
Q

aldehyde is at the

A

terminal carbon

60
Q

keton is

A

within chain

61
Q

carboxyl group satisfies

A

end bonds (1 or 5)

62
Q

macromolecules formula

A

(CH2O)n

63
Q

carbohydrates subunit

A

simple sugars

64
Q

lipids subunit

A

glycerol + fatty acids

65
Q

proteins subunit

A

amino acids

66
Q

nucleic acids subunit

A

nucleotides

67
Q

carbohydrates are produced through

A

plants and algae through photosynthesis

68
Q

carbohydrates are used for

A

energy, building materials, cell identification + communication

69
Q

carbohydrates contain CHO in

A

1:2:1 ratio (e.g. glucose C6H12O6)

70
Q

carbohydrates 3 groups:

A

monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

71
Q

polysaccharides e.g.

A

cellulose

72
Q

monosaccharides e.g.

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

73
Q

oligosaccharides e.g.

A

sucrose, maltose

74
Q

monosaccharides =

A

simple sugars

75
Q

oligosaccharides =

A

2 or 3 monosaccharides

76
Q

polysaccharides =

A

full chain (100s or 1000s) of monosaccharides, polymer

77
Q

polysaccharides food example

A

rice, pasta

78
Q

a-glucose:

A

50% chance OH group of c1 be BELOW plane of ring

79
Q

b-glucose:

A

50% chance OH group of C1 be ABOVE plane

80
Q

glucose is found in

A

fruits and vegetables

81
Q

basic structure of glucose in dry form:

A

straight chain, ring structure solution

82
Q

fructose found commonly in

A

fruits

83
Q

fructose is an isomer of

A

glucose (same # and types of atoms, different arrangement

84
Q

isomer:

A

same # and types of atoms, different arrangement

85
Q

main difference between glucose and fructose

A

fructose has a ketone

86
Q

anabolic:

A

building up

87
Q

catabolic:

A

breaking down

88
Q

organic macromolecules are composed of

A

many tiny subunits linked together

89
Q

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are

A

assembled the same

90
Q

to link subunits of macromolecules, a covalent bond is formed between two whete

A

one has a hydroxyl group OR one has a hydrogen

91
Q

dehydration synthesis is also called

A

condensation reaction

92
Q

in dehydration synthesis, there are

A

two subunits that link together through removal of a water molecule

93
Q

dehydration synthesis is

A

an anabolic reaction that absorbs energy

94
Q

example of dehydration synthesis

A

glucose + glucose => maltose

95
Q

catalysis

A

energy required in dehydration synthesis to position two subunits + apply stress to break bonds

96
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

when macromolecules break and water is added to separate linkage groups

97
Q

oligosaccharides/disaccharides: 2/3 simple sugars attached by

A

covalent glycosidic linkages, formed by condensation reactions

98
Q

starch characteristics

A

white and powdery
not very water soluble
not sweet

99
Q

sugar

A

white crystals
readily dissolves in H2O
usually sweet

100
Q

glycogen is produced by

A

animals

101
Q

glycogen is a polymer of

A

glucose

102
Q

excess glucose is stored in

A

muscle and liver cells as glycogen

103
Q

glycogen is hydrolyzed when

A

glucose levels low in blood

104
Q

when you don’t eat, your body

A

releases broken down glucose (glycogen) in cells

105
Q

glycogen is basically the

A

stored form of glucose

106
Q

pectin:

A

complex mixture of polysaccharides

107
Q

pectin is in foods as a

A

gelling agent (jams + jellys)

108
Q

when mixed with water, pectin

A

swells, and the polysaccharides interlock and trap the water

109
Q

pectin needs pH of

A

<3.5, sugar=50%

110
Q

cellulose/dietary fibre is found

A

in plant cell walls

111
Q

cellulose is one linear chain of

A

b-glucose

112
Q

enzyme that digests cellulose:

A

cellulase

113
Q

enzyme that digests lactose:

A

lactase

114
Q

properties of mono and disaccharides

A

white crystalline compound (s)
dissolves readily im water
sweet at diff levels

115
Q

polysaccharides are

A

100s to 1000s of monosaccharides held by glycosidic linkages

116
Q

polysaccharides are for

A

storage
structural support
starch and glycogen storage

117
Q

starch is a mix of

A

two types of polysaccharides

118
Q

starch polysaccharides:

A

20% amylase, 80% amylopectin

119
Q

chitin:

A

polymer of special glucose molecules w nitrogen groups + C

120
Q

chitin makes up

A

anthropoid exoskeletons and mushrooms

121
Q

second most abundant natural compound

A

chitin

122
Q

gum:

A

complex hydrophilic polysaccharides

123
Q

gum + water =>

A

thick solutions

124
Q

how many natural gums used by humans

A

12

biology (20 decks)

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