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biology > chapter 2 pt 3 > Flashcards

chapter 2 pt 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

active transport:

A

transport across membrane AGAINST or UP concentration gradients

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2
Q

active transport requires the

A

expenditure of energy

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3
Q

main source of energy in the cell:

A

adenosine triphosphate/ATP

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4
Q

atp is derived from an

A

adenosine nucleotide but with a TRIPLE PHOSPHATE GROUP instead of a single => hydrolysis at the end of phosphate group releases energy

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5
Q

ATP undergoes hydrolysis and loses

A

terminal phosphate group = forms ADP and inorganic phosphate

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6
Q

ATP vs ADP

A

triphosphate vs diphosphate

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7
Q

transport proteins in active transport are

A

carrier proteins rather than channel proteins

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8
Q

ion pumps: carrier proteins using ATP to

A

pump ions across membrane against conc gradient

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9
Q

example of ion pumps

A

Na-K pump: exchanges sodium for potassium

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10
Q

ATP powers the changes in protein shape (conformation) by

A

phosphorylating the carrier protein (transfers phosphate group to protein)

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11
Q

animal cell has a much higher concentration of K and much

A

lower concentration of sodium compared to surroundings: cell membrane maintains steep gradient by ion pumping Na out and K in

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12
Q

primary vs secondary active transport

A

primary uses ATP, secondary uses ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT

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13
Q

secondary active transport:

A

electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport via ION PUMP is used by a DIFFERENT PROTEIN to transport other molec.s

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14
Q

secondary active transport is common in

A

bacteria and plant cells

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15
Q

active transport: cells may need to move molecules

A

AGAINST conc gradient
- shape change in carrier protein transports solute from one side of membrane to another
- protein pump
- costs energy = ATP

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16
Q

passive transport summary:

A

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

17
Q

passive transport summary: SIMPLE DIFFUSION

A

diffusion of nonpolar, Hphobic molecs/small molecs
- lipids, O2, CO2
- high to low conc

18
Q

passive transport summary: OSMOSIS

A

diffusion of water molecs
- high to low conc gradient

19
Q

passive transport summary: FACILITATED DIFFUSION

A

diffusion of polar, Hphilic molecs
- thru channel/carrier proteins
- high to low concentration gradient

20
Q

active transport summary:

A

movement AGAINST conc gradient
- low to high conc. gradient
- protein pump/carrier protein
- requries ATP

21
Q

membrane assisted transport:

A

method for macromolecules that are TOO BIG to cross membrane thru channel/carrier protein

22
Q

membrane assisted transport: cell forms

A

vesicles to surround incoming material
- requires energy from cell
- two types: ENDOcytosis and EXOcytosis

23
Q

membrane assisted transport: ENDOcytosis

A

cell membrane engulfs extracellular material to bring inside cell, pinches off to form vesicle inside cell
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
- receptor-mediated

24
Q

membrane assisted transport: endocytosis: PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

endocytosis involving SOLID particles: cell-eating

25
Q

membrane assisted transport: endocytosis: PINOCYTOSIS

A

endocytosis involving LIQUID particles: cell-drinking

26
Q

membrane assisted transport: endocytosis: RECEPTOR-MEDIATED

A

receptor proteins in cell membrane bind to specific molecs outside cell
- membrane folds inward to create vesicle containing bound particles
- vesicles coated with a protein that forms a cage around the vesicle

27
Q

membrane assisted transport: EXOCYTOSIS

A
  • opposite of endocytosis
  • vesicles fuse w membrane and empty contents into extracellular environment
  • vesicle becomes part of membrane
28
Q

in animal cells, exocytosis is used to release

A

substances such as hormones, neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes

29
Q

secondary active transport: synporter:

A

transfer two different molecules in the same direction (in or out)

30
Q

secondary active transport: antiporter:

A

one type of molec in, one type of molec out

31
Q

examples of antiporter:

A

sodium-potassium pump

32
Q

examples of synporter:

A

sodium-glucose pump

33
Q

secondary active transport can’t work unless

A

primary active transport has already worked

34
Q

cotransport:

A

symport and antiport

35
Q

synport, antiport, and uniport can all act as channels for

A

active transport

36
Q

uniport can dually function as a channel for

A

passive transport

37
Q

how can you tell from a channel if its active or passive transport

A

if it’s moving from high to low or low to high

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