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Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Dyes are often used during microscopy to increase which of the following?

A

contrast

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2
Q

The most important role of the prokaryotic cell wall is to

A

protect the cell from osmotic pressures

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3
Q

Which of the following is not equal to 20 micrometers?
a. 0.02mm
b. 20,000nm
c. 0.0002cm
d. 200,0000angstroms

A

0.0002cm

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4
Q

Resolving power of a microscope is a function of

A

-wavelength of light used
-numerical aperture of lens system

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5
Q

A ______ is one that creates an image by passing an electron beam through a specimen and focusing the scattered electrons with magnetic lenses.

A

transmission electron microscope

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6
Q

In bacterial cells, ribosomes are packed into the cytoplasmic matrix and also loosely attached to the plasma membrane. What is the function of ribosomes.

A

site of protein synthesis

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7
Q

Which of the following is the specific name for a stain that colors the background but not the specimen?

A

negative stain

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8
Q

Which of the following cell wall components is unique to gram-negative cells?

A

lipopolysaccharide

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9
Q

Bacterial cell walls are primarily composed of which of the following?

A

peptidoglycan

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10
Q

The bacterial chromosome located in which of the following?

A

nucleoid region

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11
Q

Who first described microorganisms such as bacteria?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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12
Q

An exergonic reaction is one that

A

releases energy for work

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13
Q

What is the primary function of bacterial flagella?

A

movement

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14
Q

Aerobic respiration differs from anaerobic respiration in which of the following respects?

A

the final electron acceptor is different

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15
Q

Bacteria do not always swim aimlessly but are attracted by such nutrients such as sugar and amino acids, and are repelled by harmful substances and bacterial waste products. Movement toward chemical attractants and away from repellents is called

A

chemotaxis

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16
Q

What is the shape of a bacterial chromosome?

A

circular

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17
Q

A substrate binds to the enzyme at a location called the ______ site.

A

active

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18
Q

In glycolysis ATP is created by

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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19
Q

In bacterial cells, both the electron transport system and ATP synthase are located in the

A

cell membrane

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20
Q

Adenosine triphosphate is a type of

A

nucleotide

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21
Q

In prokaryotes, the hair-like outgrowths which attach to the surface of other bacterial cells are

A

fimbriae

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22
Q

Sporulation(i.e. formation of spores) generally occurs under which of the following

A

when conditions are unfavorable or there are insufficient nutrients

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23
Q

What is plasmid?

A

self replicating segment of double stranded DNA

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24
Q

When a bacterial cell with a cell wall is placed in salt water with a higher solute concentration than the cell cytoplasm, the well will undergo which of the following?

A

plasmolysis

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25
In which types of organisms are phospholipids with branched chains common?
archaea
26
Which of the following characteristics refers to the microscope's ability to show two entities as separate and distinct?
resolving power(resolution)
27
The gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain
are differential stains
28
The outer membrane of gram negative cells is more permeable than the plasma membrane because
porin proteins establish holes in the outer membrane
29
Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized?
capsule
30
You are doing research on a bacterial species, trying to determine the shape, distribution, and arrangement of a number of filamentous structures that protrude from the cell surface. Which type of microscopy would best enable you to do this?
Scanning Electron Microscopy
31
Capsules and slime layers composed of polysaccharides are examples of which type of structure?
glycocalyx
32
Specimens for TEM are prepared by doing which of the following?
using an ultramicrotome to cut very thin sections from samples embedded in plastic resin
33
The cell wall of archaea is made from
polysaccarides and conjugates
34
Which microscope does not use light forming the specimen image?
Electron Microscope
35
Which is the source of the energy used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation?
the proton motive force
36
Bacterial endospores function in
survival
37
Which of the following does not occur during cyclic photophosphorylation?
the proton motive force
38
Bacterial endospores function in
survival
39
Which of the following does not occur during cyclic photophosphorylation in cyanbacteria?
NADPH formation
40
Chemotrophs obtain their energy from which of the following?
organic and inorganic chemical reactions
41
Which of the following gives the correct order of the stages of sporulation?
DNA replication, formation of a double layer of membrane, cortex formation, spore release
42
Magnetostomes in bacteria
help cells to orient in the earth's magnetic field
43
An enzyme
is heat and pH labile
44
Which culture produces the most ATP?
E. coli growing in glucose broth at 35 C with O2 for 5 days
45
Which of the following are not types of inclusions in bacterial cells?
magnetosomes
46
Fimbriae
attach bacteria to various surfaces
47
Which of the following is not true about bacterial flagella?
They use cytoplasmic ATP as their primary energy source
48
Which of the following is the best definition of respiration?
A sequence of carrier molecules with the final electron acceptor from the environment
49
Which of the following processes produces hydrogen sulfide(H2S)?
anaerobic respiration
50
Which of the following is the purpose of fermentation?
to make NAD+
51
Which of the following is an organism that obtains its energy from the transfer of electrons originating from inorganic chemical compounds?
chemolithotroph
52
Which of the following cell wall components is unique to gram negative cells?
Lipopolysaccharide
53
Which of the following methods does not require nay carrier or channel for transport of substances?
simple diffusion
54
Find the incorrect statement about plasmids. -they are circular -they replicate independently -they are transferrable -they are single stranded
they are simple stranded
55
Bacteria use flagella to move purposefully toward or away from a chemical by which of the following?
increasing the length of runs and decreasing the length of tumbles
56
Which of the following is the best definition of generation time?
the length of time it takes for a population of cells to double.
57
Bacteria that grow in mine drainage at pH 1-2 are probably which of the following?
acidophiles
58
Who is credited with developing a procedure to heat wine at temperatures well below boiling to prevent spoilage of the wine?
Pasteur
59
The stage in population growth with the highest rate of cell division is the
exponential(log)phase
60
Which of the following is used to grow bacterial cultures continuously?
chemostat
61
Bacteria isolated from a hot tub at 39 C are probably which of the following?
mesophiles
62
An organism is completely dependent on atmospheric O2 for growth. This organism is a(n)
obligate aerobe
63
The term obligate anaerobe refers to an organism that
is killed by oxygen
64
The decimal reduction time refers to the amount of time it takes to which of the following?
reduce a microbial population by 90%
65
Which of the following terms refers to the ability of an antimicrobial drug to harm the target microbe without harming the host?
selective toxicity
66
Which of the following is a limitation of the autoclave?
It will destroy heat labile materials
67
In a viable plate count, each ______ represents a _______ from the sample population.
colony, cell
68
Which of the following resistance mechanisms is commonly effective against a wide range of antimicrobials in multiple classes?
efflux pump
69
Which of the following is used only in life-threatening situations when no other drug is adequate?
Chloramphenicol
70
Most antibiotics are isolated from
soil microorganisms
71
The most selective antibiotics are those that interfere with the synthesis of
bacterial cell walls
72
A scientist discovers that a soil bacterium he has been studying produces an antimicrobial that kills gram-negative bacteria. She isolates and purifies the antimicrobial compound, then chemically converts a chemical side chain to a hydroxyl group. When she tests the antimicrobial properties of this new version, she finds that this antimicrobial drug can now also kill gram-positive bacteria. The new antimicrobial drug with broad-spectrum activity is considered to be which of the following?
Semisynthetic
73
Which antibiotic has a beta lactam ring?
Penicillin
74
Which of the following types of media would not be used to culture aerobes?
reducing media
75
Which of the following microbial control methods does not actually kill microbes or inhibit their growth but instead removes them physically from samples?
filtration
76
The effectiveness of chemical disinfectants has historically been compared to that of which of the following?
phenol
77
Assume you inoculated 100 facultatively anaerobic cells onto nutrient agar and incubated the plate aerobically. You then inoculated 100 cells of the same species onto nutrient agar and incubated the second plate anaerobically. After incubation for 24 hours, you should have
The same number of colonies on both plates
78
Which of the following best describes a microbial control protocol that inhibits the growth of molds and yeast?
fungistatic
79
Which of the following does not kill endospores?
pasteurization
80
Which of the following is suitable for use on tissues for microbial control to prevent infection?
antiseptic
81
Which of the following terms is used to describe the time required to kill all of the microbes within a sample at a given temperature?
thermal death time
82
Which of the following is used to grow bacterial cultures continuously?
chemostat
83
The ability of Vibrio fischeri to produce bioluminescence chemicals only when a certain population density has been reached is an example of
quorum sensing
84
An organism is completely dependant on atmospheric O2 for growth. This organism is a(n)
obligate aerobe
85

Microbiology (7 decks)

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