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Microbiology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dyes are often used during microscopy to increase which of the following?

A

contrast

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2
Q

The most important role of the prokaryotic cell wall is to

A

protect the cell from osmotic pressures

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3
Q

Which of the following is not equal to 20 micrometers?
a. 0.02mm
b. 20,000nm
c. 0.0002cm
d. 200,0000angstroms

A

0.0002cm

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4
Q

Resolving power of a microscope is a function of

A

-wavelength of light used
-numerical aperture of lens system

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5
Q

A ______ is one that creates an image by passing an electron beam through a specimen and focusing the scattered electrons with magnetic lenses.

A

transmission electron microscope

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6
Q

In bacterial cells, ribosomes are packed into the cytoplasmic matrix and also loosely attached to the plasma membrane. What is the function of ribosomes.

A

site of protein synthesis

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7
Q

Which of the following is the specific name for a stain that colors the background but not the specimen?

A

negative stain

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8
Q

Which of the following cell wall components is unique to gram-negative cells?

A

lipopolysaccharide

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9
Q

Bacterial cell walls are primarily composed of which of the following?

A

peptidoglycan

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10
Q

The bacterial chromosome located in which of the following?

A

nucleoid region

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11
Q

Who first described microorganisms such as bacteria?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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12
Q

An exergonic reaction is one that

A

releases energy for work

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13
Q

What is the primary function of bacterial flagella?

A

movement

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14
Q

Aerobic respiration differs from anaerobic respiration in which of the following respects?

A

the final electron acceptor is different

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15
Q

Bacteria do not always swim aimlessly but are attracted by such nutrients such as sugar and amino acids, and are repelled by harmful substances and bacterial waste products. Movement toward chemical attractants and away from repellents is called

A

chemotaxis

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16
Q

What is the shape of a bacterial chromosome?

A

circular

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17
Q

A substrate binds to the enzyme at a location called the ______ site.

A

active

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18
Q

In glycolysis ATP is created by

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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19
Q

In bacterial cells, both the electron transport system and ATP synthase are located in the

A

cell membrane

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20
Q

Adenosine triphosphate is a type of

A

nucleotide

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21
Q

In prokaryotes, the hair-like outgrowths which attach to the surface of other bacterial cells are

A

fimbriae

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22
Q

Sporulation(i.e. formation of spores) generally occurs under which of the following

A

when conditions are unfavorable or there are insufficient nutrients

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23
Q

What is plasmid?

A

self replicating segment of double stranded DNA

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24
Q

When a bacterial cell with a cell wall is placed in salt water with a higher solute concentration than the cell cytoplasm, the well will undergo which of the following?

A

plasmolysis

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25
Q

In which types of organisms are phospholipids with branched chains common?

A

archaea

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26
Q

Which of the following characteristics refers to the microscope’s ability to show two entities as separate and distinct?

A

resolving power(resolution)

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27
Q

The gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain

A

are differential stains

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28
Q

The outer membrane of gram negative cells is more permeable than the plasma membrane because

A

porin proteins establish holes in the outer membrane

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29
Q

Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized?

A

capsule

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30
Q

You are doing research on a bacterial species, trying to determine the shape, distribution, and arrangement of a number of filamentous structures that protrude from the cell surface. Which type of microscopy would best enable you to do this?

A

Scanning Electron Microscopy

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31
Q

Capsules and slime layers composed of polysaccharides are examples of which type of structure?

A

glycocalyx

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32
Q

Specimens for TEM are prepared by doing which of the following?

A

using an ultramicrotome to cut very thin sections from samples embedded in plastic resin

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33
Q

The cell wall of archaea is made from

A

polysaccarides and conjugates

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34
Q

Which microscope does not use light forming the specimen image?

A

Electron Microscope

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35
Q

Which is the source of the energy used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the proton motive force

36
Q

Bacterial endospores function in

A

survival

37
Q

Which of the following does not occur during cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

the proton motive force

38
Q

Bacterial endospores function in

A

survival

39
Q

Which of the following does not occur during cyclic photophosphorylation in cyanbacteria?

A

NADPH formation

40
Q

Chemotrophs obtain their energy from which of the following?

A

organic and inorganic chemical reactions

41
Q

Which of the following gives the correct order of the stages of sporulation?

A

DNA replication, formation of a double layer of membrane, cortex formation, spore release

42
Q

Magnetostomes in bacteria

A

help cells to orient in the earth’s magnetic field

43
Q

An enzyme

A

is heat and pH labile

44
Q

Which culture produces the most ATP?

A

E. coli growing in glucose broth at 35 C with O2 for 5 days

45
Q

Which of the following are not types of inclusions in bacterial cells?

A

magnetosomes

46
Q

Fimbriae

A

attach bacteria to various surfaces

47
Q

Which of the following is not true about bacterial flagella?

A

They use cytoplasmic ATP as their primary energy source

48
Q

Which of the following is the best definition of respiration?

A

A sequence of carrier molecules with the final electron acceptor from the environment

49
Q

Which of the following processes produces hydrogen sulfide(H2S)?

A

anaerobic respiration

50
Q

Which of the following is the purpose of fermentation?

A

to make NAD+

51
Q

Which of the following is an organism that obtains its energy from the transfer of electrons originating from inorganic chemical compounds?

A

chemolithotroph

52
Q

Which of the following cell wall components is unique to gram negative cells?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

53
Q

Which of the following methods does not require nay carrier or channel for transport of substances?

A

simple diffusion

54
Q

Find the incorrect statement about plasmids.
-they are circular
-they replicate independently
-they are transferrable
-they are single stranded

A

they are simple stranded

55
Q

Bacteria use flagella to move purposefully toward or away from a chemical by which of the following?

A

increasing the length of runs and decreasing the length of tumbles

56
Q

Which of the following is the best definition of generation time?

A

the length of time it takes for a population of cells to double.

57
Q

Bacteria that grow in mine drainage at pH 1-2 are probably which of the following?

A

acidophiles

58
Q

Who is credited with developing a procedure to heat wine at temperatures well below boiling to prevent spoilage of the wine?

A

Pasteur

59
Q

The stage in population growth with the highest rate of cell division is the

A

exponential(log)phase

60
Q

Which of the following is used to grow bacterial cultures continuously?

A

chemostat

61
Q

Bacteria isolated from a hot tub at 39 C are probably which of the following?

A

mesophiles

62
Q

An organism is completely dependent on atmospheric O2 for growth. This organism is a(n)

A

obligate aerobe

63
Q

The term obligate anaerobe refers to an organism that

A

is killed by oxygen

64
Q

The decimal reduction time refers to the amount of time it takes to which of the following?

A

reduce a microbial population by 90%

65
Q

Which of the following terms refers to the ability of an antimicrobial drug to harm the target microbe without harming the host?

A

selective toxicity

66
Q

Which of the following is a limitation of the autoclave?

A

It will destroy heat labile materials

67
Q

In a viable plate count, each ______ represents a _______ from the sample population.

A

colony, cell

68
Q

Which of the following resistance mechanisms is commonly effective against a wide range of antimicrobials in multiple classes?

A

efflux pump

69
Q

Which of the following is used only in life-threatening situations when no other drug is adequate?

A

Chloramphenicol

70
Q

Most antibiotics are isolated from

A

soil microorganisms

71
Q

The most selective antibiotics are those that interfere with the synthesis of

A

bacterial cell walls

72
Q

A scientist discovers that a soil bacterium he has been studying produces an antimicrobial that kills gram-negative bacteria. She isolates and purifies the antimicrobial compound, then chemically converts a chemical side chain to a hydroxyl group. When she tests the antimicrobial properties of this new version, she finds that this antimicrobial drug can now also kill gram-positive bacteria. The new antimicrobial drug with broad-spectrum activity is considered to be which of the following?

A

Semisynthetic

73
Q

Which antibiotic has a beta lactam ring?

A

Penicillin

74
Q

Which of the following types of media would not be used to culture aerobes?

A

reducing media

75
Q

Which of the following microbial control methods does not actually kill microbes or inhibit their growth but instead removes them physically from samples?

A

filtration

76
Q

The effectiveness of chemical disinfectants has historically been compared to that of which of the following?

A

phenol

77
Q

Assume you inoculated 100 facultatively anaerobic cells onto nutrient agar and incubated the plate aerobically. You then inoculated 100 cells of the same species onto nutrient agar and incubated the second plate anaerobically. After incubation for 24 hours, you should have

A

The same number of colonies on both plates

78
Q

Which of the following best describes a microbial control protocol that inhibits the growth of molds and yeast?

A

fungistatic

79
Q

Which of the following does not kill endospores?

A

pasteurization

80
Q

Which of the following is suitable for use on tissues for microbial control to prevent infection?

A

antiseptic

81
Q

Which of the following terms is used to describe the time required to kill all of the microbes within a sample at a given temperature?

A

thermal death time

82
Q

Which of the following is used to grow bacterial cultures continuously?

A

chemostat

83
Q

The ability of Vibrio fischeri to produce bioluminescence chemicals only when a certain population density has been reached is an example of

A

quorum sensing

84
Q

An organism is completely dependant on atmospheric O2 for growth. This organism is a(n)

A

obligate aerobe

85
Q
A

Microbiology (7 decks)

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