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Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Etiology

A

cause of disease

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2
Q

pathogenesis

A

development of disease

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3
Q

Effects of disease

A

structural and functional in tissues, organs, and body

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4
Q

Pathogens

A

disease causing microorganismsq

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5
Q

Infection

A

invasion, growth and colonization of pathogens in the body

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6
Q

Disease

A

abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal functions

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7
Q

Signs

A

objective measurable changes; ie: body temp

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8
Q

Symptoms

A

subjective changes in body functions; ie: pain

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9
Q

Syndrome

A

specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompany a specific disease

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10
Q

Noninfection diseases

A

not caused by pathogen

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11
Q

Infectious disease

A

caused by pathogen

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12
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

not transmitted between individuals

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13
Q

Communicable

A

direct or indirect transmission from one host to another

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14
Q

Contagious

A

high communicable disease

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15
Q

Latrogenic disease

A

infection as a result of medical procedure

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16
Q

Nosocomial disease

A

disease acquired in a hospital setting

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17
Q

Zoonotic disease

A

transmission from animal to human

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18
Q

Periods of Disease include:

A

infection
1. incubation period
2. prodromal period
3. illness(acute) period
4. decline period
5. convalescence period

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19
Q

Latent

A

pathogen goes dormant for an extended period of time

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20
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. microorganism must be found in diseased but not healthy individuals
  2. MO must be cultured from the diseased individual
  3. inoculation of a health individual with the cultured MO must recapitulated the disease
  4. MO must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased individual and matched to the original MO
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21
Q

Pathogenicity

A

overall ability to cause diseases

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22
Q

Virulence

A

relative ability to cause disease

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23
Q

Virulence factors

A

substances or strategies of a pathogen that enhance invasiveness and host damage by promoting infection

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24
Q

Median infection does ID50

A

number of pathogen cells required to cause active infection in 50% of inoculated animals

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25
Median lethal dose LD50
number of pathogenic cells or amount of toxin required to kill 50% of infected animals
26
Attenuation
decrease or loss of virulence of a pathogen
27
Primary pathogen
ability to cause disease independent of host microbiota and immune system
28
Opportunistic pathogens
only cause if defenses are compromised
29
Portals of entry
mucous membranes, skin, parenteral route
30
Portals of exit
respiratory tract, GI tract, genitourinary tract
31
Opportunistic pathogen
microbes that cause disease only in the absence of normal host resistance
32
IgA proteases
destroy IgA antibodies of mucus membrane
33
Hyaluronidase
digests polysaccharides
34
streptokinaseq
digests blood clots
35
coagulase
promotes blood clots
36
collagenase
digests collagen
37
Siderophores
proteins secreted by pathogens that bind iron more tightly than host cells
38
Endotoxins
toxic lipopolysaccharides(LPS) in cell wall for G-ve bacteria; derived from outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
39
Exotoxins
toxic proteins that travel from the site of infection and cause damage at distant sites
40
Toxoid
no longer active toxin
41
When is LPS released?
when cells die
42
Are endotoxins or exotoxins more toxic?
exotoxic
43
Are exotoxins produced and secreted by gram positive or negative bacteria
both
44
Two component toxin
Exotoxins AB toxin; part A is the active component and part B is the binding component
45
Cytolytic toxins
lyse host cells
46
Superantigen
trigger massive immune response against host tissue
47
Epidemiology
study of occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in populations
48
Disease surveillance
observation, recognition, and reporting of diseases as they occur
49
Descriptive epidemiology
data about infected people are collected and analyzed (identification of patterns)
50
Experimental epidemiology
controlled experiments designed to test hypotheses
51
Analytical epidemiology
gathers data from selected group of individuals
52
Cohort studies
studies group of individuals that share a characteristic
53
Case-control studies
compare healthy vs diseased individuals
54
Cross-sectional study
– randomly selected individuals and compared for specific characteristics
55
Incidence
number of new cases
56
Prevalence
total number of new and existing disease cases
57
Sporadic
occurs occasionally
58
Endemic
a disease constantly present in a population, in low numbers
59
Epidemic
simultaneously infects an unusually high number of individuals in a population
60
Pandemic
worldwide epidemic disease
61
Mortality
incidence of deaths in a population
62
Morbitidy
incidence of disease in a population and includes both fatal and nonfatal diseases
63
Vehicle
contaminated air, water and food
64
Vector
– insects and arthropod as pathogen carriers
65
Mechanical
passive carry
66
Biological
parts of the pathogen life cycle occurs in the vector
67
Reservoir
continual source of infection
68
Human reservoirs
– people who have a disease or are carriers of pathogenic microorganisms.
69
Point source spread
infection occurs over a short period of time (less than the incubation period of the pathogen)
70
Continuous common source spread
infection occurs over a long period of time (longer than the incubation period of the pathogen)
71
Intermittent common source spread
– infections occur for a period, stop, and then begin again
72
Propagated (or progressive source) epidemic
No single source of infection – each individual is a source
73
Basic reproduction number (R0)
The number of expected secondary transmissions from each single case of a disease in an entirely susceptible population
74
Emerging disease
infectious disease whose incidence recently increased or whose incidence threatens to increase in the near future
75
Reemerging disease
– an infectious disease previously under control but that produces a new epidemic
76

Microbiology (7 decks)

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