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Microbiology > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Etiology

A

cause of disease

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2
Q

pathogenesis

A

development of disease

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3
Q

Effects of disease

A

structural and functional in tissues, organs, and body

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4
Q

Pathogens

A

disease causing microorganismsq

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5
Q

Infection

A

invasion, growth and colonization of pathogens in the body

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6
Q

Disease

A

abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal functions

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7
Q

Signs

A

objective measurable changes; ie: body temp

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8
Q

Symptoms

A

subjective changes in body functions; ie: pain

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9
Q

Syndrome

A

specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompany a specific disease

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10
Q

Noninfection diseases

A

not caused by pathogen

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11
Q

Infectious disease

A

caused by pathogen

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12
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

not transmitted between individuals

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13
Q

Communicable

A

direct or indirect transmission from one host to another

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14
Q

Contagious

A

high communicable disease

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15
Q

Latrogenic disease

A

infection as a result of medical procedure

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16
Q

Nosocomial disease

A

disease acquired in a hospital setting

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17
Q

Zoonotic disease

A

transmission from animal to human

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18
Q

Periods of Disease include:

A

infection
1. incubation period
2. prodromal period
3. illness(acute) period
4. decline period
5. convalescence period

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19
Q

Latent

A

pathogen goes dormant for an extended period of time

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20
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. microorganism must be found in diseased but not healthy individuals
  2. MO must be cultured from the diseased individual
  3. inoculation of a health individual with the cultured MO must recapitulated the disease
  4. MO must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased individual and matched to the original MO
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21
Q

Pathogenicity

A

overall ability to cause diseases

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22
Q

Virulence

A

relative ability to cause disease

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23
Q

Virulence factors

A

substances or strategies of a pathogen that enhance invasiveness and host damage by promoting infection

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24
Q

Median infection does ID50

A

number of pathogen cells required to cause active infection in 50% of inoculated animals

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25
Q

Median lethal dose LD50

A

number of pathogenic cells or amount of toxin required to kill 50% of infected animals

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26
Q

Attenuation

A

decrease or loss of virulence of a pathogen

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27
Q

Primary pathogen

A

ability to cause disease independent of host microbiota and immune system

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28
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

only cause if defenses are compromised

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29
Q

Portals of entry

A

mucous membranes, skin, parenteral route

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30
Q

Portals of exit

A

respiratory tract, GI tract, genitourinary tract

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31
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

microbes that cause disease only in the absence of normal host resistance

32
Q

IgA proteases

A

destroy IgA antibodies of mucus membrane

33
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

digests polysaccharides

34
Q

streptokinaseq

A

digests blood clots

35
Q

coagulase

A

promotes blood clots

36
Q

collagenase

A

digests collagen

37
Q

Siderophores

A

proteins secreted by pathogens that bind iron more tightly than host cells

38
Q

Endotoxins

A

toxic lipopolysaccharides(LPS) in cell wall for G-ve bacteria; derived from outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

39
Q

Exotoxins

A

toxic proteins that travel from the site of infection and cause damage at distant sites

40
Q

Toxoid

A

no longer active toxin

41
Q

When is LPS released?

A

when cells die

42
Q

Are endotoxins or exotoxins more toxic?

A

exotoxic

43
Q

Are exotoxins produced and secreted by gram positive or negative bacteria

A

both

44
Q

Two component toxin

A

Exotoxins AB toxin; part A is the active component and part B is the binding component

45
Q

Cytolytic toxins

A

lyse host cells

46
Q

Superantigen

A

trigger massive immune response against host tissue

47
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in populations

48
Q

Disease surveillance

A

observation, recognition, and reporting of diseases as they occur

49
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

data about infected people are collected and analyzed
(identification of patterns)

50
Q

Experimental epidemiology

A

controlled experiments designed to test
hypotheses

51
Q

Analytical epidemiology

A

gathers data from selected group of
individuals

52
Q

Cohort studies

A

studies group of individuals that share a
characteristic

53
Q

Case-control studies

A

compare healthy vs diseased individuals

54
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

– randomly selected individuals and compared
for specific characteristics

55
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases

56
Q

Prevalence

A

total number of new and
existing disease cases

57
Q

Sporadic

A

occurs occasionally

58
Q

Endemic

A

a disease constantly
present in a population, in low
numbers

59
Q

Epidemic

A

simultaneously
infects an unusually high
number of individuals in a
population

60
Q

Pandemic

A

worldwide
epidemic disease

61
Q

Mortality

A

incidence of deaths in a population

62
Q

Morbitidy

A

incidence of disease in a population and includes both fatal
and nonfatal diseases

63
Q

Vehicle

A

contaminated air, water and
food

64
Q

Vector

A

– insects and arthropod as
pathogen carriers

65
Q

Mechanical

A

passive carry

66
Q

Biological

A

parts of the pathogen
life cycle occurs in the vector

67
Q

Reservoir

A

continual source of infection

68
Q

Human reservoirs

A

– people who have a disease or are
carriers of pathogenic microorganisms.

69
Q

Point source spread

A

infection occurs over a short period of time (less
than the incubation period of the pathogen)

70
Q

Continuous common source spread

A

infection occurs over a long
period of time (longer than the incubation period of the pathogen)

71
Q

Intermittent common source spread

A

– infections occur for a period,
stop, and then begin again

72
Q

Propagated (or progressive source) epidemic

A

No single source of infection – each individual is a source

73
Q

Basic reproduction number (R0)

A

The number of expected secondary transmissions from each single case
of a disease in an entirely susceptible population

74
Q

Emerging disease

A

infectious disease whose incidence recently
increased or whose incidence threatens to increase in the near future

75
Q

Reemerging disease

A

– an infectious disease previously under control but
that produces a new epidemic

76
Q
A

Microbiology (7 decks)

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