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Microbiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Central Doggma

A

refers to as transcription and translation, DNA replication

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2
Q

What is the aim for transcription and translation?

A

protein synthesis, which we know as expression of the genes

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3
Q

Why do genes need to be expressed?

A

so organism can function

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4
Q

What is DNA polymerase

A

enzyme responsible for duplicating DNA material material before a cell “commits to the vision”

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5
Q

Transcription is

A

RNA synthesis

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6
Q

Translation is

A

protein synthesis

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7
Q

What causes spontaneous mutations

A

DNA polymerase introducing changes in the sequence of DNA while copying DNA

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8
Q

Are spontaneous mutations corrected?

A

no

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9
Q

Are spontaneous mutations inherited?

A

no

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10
Q

Why can we have a change in nucleotide sequence, but the protein structure remains the same?

A

bc we have multiple codons that specify the same amino acid

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11
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

a change in the nucleotide sequence, however the protein structure remains the same

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12
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

a change in a nucleotide that reults in a change in the amino acid sequence; results in a faulty protein

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13
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

STOP codon that appears prematurely in DNA sequence; resulting in incomplete/nonfunctional protein

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14
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

insertion/removal of a letter, thus changing the message

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15
Q

Why is a template important for a cell fixing errors?

A

repair mechanisms need to see which is nonmutated strand and which is the mutated strand

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16
Q

A spontaneous mutation usually originates as an error in?

A

DNA transcription

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17
Q

When do spontaneous mutations occur?

A

in DNA replication when DNA polymerase incorporates the wrong nucleotide

18
Q

Are there mutations in RNA during transcription? Why or why not?

A

yes, but they are not relevant, as they are not permanent, bc RNA is a temporal structure that carries out its job and is then degraded

19
Q

What are the two types of detections of mutation?

A

positive and negative

20
Q

How does positive selection detect mutations?

A

by selecting a mutant and rejecting a nonmutant
-looks for bacteria that have gained traits you are able to select

21
Q

How does negative selection detect mutations?

A

by looking for strains/mutant cells that have lost a function
-(most common)

22
Q

What is an auxotroph?

A

a mutant that has lost capacity to generate media
-only in complete media

23
Q

What is the Ames test?

A

test used as the first screening to determine how bad of a mutagen a chemical agent is

24
Q

How does the Ames test work?

A

tests the cells that regain the capacity to xyz
-aka it reverses the mutation

25
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

genes are only transferred from donor to recipient; when DNA is transferred, it will incorporate into the chromosome of the host cell of the recipient cell(recombination cell)

26
Q

If a mutation occurs in a noncoding region, will it be affected?

A

no

27
Q

What are base analogs?

A

looks like a base, but is not a nucleotide

28
Q

What does an alkylating agent do?

A

cross links nucleotides

29
Q

What does an intercalating agent do?

A

inserts itself between nucleotides

30
Q

What did Beadle and Tatum do?

A

used ionizing radiation to create mutants on fungi using x rays

30
Q

Explain the process of Beadle and Tatum’s experiments.

A

they did two lines of experiments, which included the same colony being grown on minimal and complete media, and looked for colonies able to grow on minimal media

31
Q

How do ribosomes know there are three segments that need to be translated?

A

there is a sequence that precedes each of the three sequences

32
Q

Shine Delgarno is exclusive to

A

prokaryotes only

33
Q

Where does translation start?

A

at the starting codon AUG, which occurs in the cytoplasm

34
Q

Mistakes and errors will modify the structure of the DNA, but why would a cell want to repair those mutations?

A

it must maintain the integrity of the genetic information

35
Q

What is the problem the repair mechanisms have?

A

they need to distinguish which strand of DNA is the mutated one, and which one is the unmutated one

36
Q

Mismatch occurs

A

right after replication recognizes it, removes it, and corrects it

37
Q

How does nucleotide excision repair work?

A

detects extortion of DNA structure, and cuts out the chunk of DNA strand, then, the DNA polymerase will replace since the complementary strand is in tact

38
Q

How does photoreactivation work?

A

photoligase identifies extortion in DNA and breaks covalent bond via light that links dimers

39
Q

How does direct repair work?

A

photolyase repairs without replacing any nucleotides

Microbiology (7 decks)

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