Unit 1 Flashcards
1st Step of the Scientific Method
Ask a question.
(You ask yourself a question based on observation or a problem)
2nd Step of the Scientific Method
Make a hypothesis.
(An educated guess as to what the outcome of a research study will be)
3rd Step of the Scientific Method
Test the hypothesis with an experiment.
(Run a highly organized experiment with multiple trials to test your hypothesis)
4th Step of the Scientific Method
Analyze the results of the experiment.
(determine if the findings of the study either reject or accept the hypothesis)
5th Step of the Scientific Method
Draw a conclusion.
(statement based on experimental measurements and observations.
Discuss whether the data collected supports or does not support the hypothesis)
6th Step of the Scientific Method
Communicate results.
(Share the results you analyzed)
Superior vs Inferior
Superior is Toward the Head Inferior is away from the head
(The abdomen is inferior to the Throat)
Anterior/Ventral vs Posterior/Dorsal
Anterior/Ventral toward the front of the body
Posterior/Dorsal is Toward the back of the body
(Nose is ventral to the ear)
Medial vs Lateral
Medial is Toward the midline of the body
The lateral is away from the midline of the body
(The heart is medial to the lungs)
Proximal vs Distal
Proximal is connected to point of origin
Distal is away from point of origin
(Fingers are distal to the wrist)
Superficial vs Deep
Superficial is toward the surface of the body (Skin)
Deep away from the surface of the body
Ex. Your heart is deep to your skin
What is in the Cranial Cavity
Brain
What is in the Dorsal Cavity
Cranial cavity, Spinal cavity
What is in the Abdominal Cavity
Stomach, Intestines, Liver, and Pancreas
What is in the Ventral Cavity
Thoracic Cavity, Abdominal Cavity, and Pelvic Cavity
What is in the Thoracic Cavity
Heart, Lungs, Trachea, and Esophagus
What is in the Pelvic Cavity
Ovaries, Testes, Uterus, and the Bladder
What is in the Spinal Cavity
Spinal Cord
Nasal Cavity
Nose
What is in the Orbital Cavity
Eyes
Oral Cavity
Mouth
Who is Hippocrates and how did he contribute to Anatomy and Physiology
Known as the father of medicne. Categorization of illnesses such as acute and chronic
Set the foundation for how Physicians should carry themselves and their work space
Hippocratic Oath- a document of morals and ethics that should be followed by physicians.
Who is Galen and how did he contribute to Anatomy and Physiology
Early Roman anatomist and physiologist as well as physician, surgeon, and philosopher who Distinguishes cranial nerves, and valves of the heart, and observed the differences between veins and arteries
First to observe that the brain controls the muscles through signals from nerves
First to observe that arteries carry blood, not air which was the previously taught theory
Who is Leonardo da Vinci and how did he contribute to Anatomy and Physiology
Most commonly known as an artist and inventor who through his drawings he helped better understand human anatomy, and he was given permission to dissect human corpses. He dissected at least 30 corpses of both males and females at varying ages.
Who is William Harvey and how did he contribute to Anatomy and Physiology
First to understand the heart pump blood continuously through the body
1st Survival Need of the Body
Nutrients
(Substance in the food and beverage we consume
The three basic classifications are water, macronutrients, and micronutrients)
2nd Survival Need of the Body
Oxygen
(A key component if the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP (energy))
3rd Survival Need of the Body
Stable body temp
(The chemical reactions upon which the body depends can only take place within a narrow range of body temp, from just below to just above 37°C (98.6°F).)
4th Survival Need of the Body
Atmosphere pressure
(The pressure exerted on humans by the mixture of gasses in the earth’s atmosphere)
What is Homeostasis
The body’s tendency towards a relatively stable equilibrium
Ex. Body temperature must stay around 98.6 Degrees F but can fluctuate a couple of degrees hotter or cooler than normal
What is Feedback Loops
When the body tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium is not stable or equal no more the feedback loops makes it equal again
What is a Negative feedback Loop
A negative feedback loop is conditions exceeding a set limit in one direction trigger a negative reaction in an opposite direction
Four Basic components of a feedback loop
Stymulus
Sensor/Receptor
Control Center
Effector
What is a Positive Feedback Loop
Increases disruptive influences
A deviation from the normal range results in more change, and the system moves farther away from the normal range.
Only normal and safe when there is a definitive endpoint
Metabolism
The chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy
Anabolism vs Catabolism
Anabolism- complex molecules such as proteins are constructed from simpler molecules. Requires energy to grow and build.
Catabolism- complex molecules such as carbohydrates are broken down into simpler molecules. Uses energy to break down
Compression
Squeezing Force
Tension
Pulling Force
Sheer
Force perpendicular to the length of the object
Bending
A loading pattern created by a combination of off-centered forces
Torsion
A loading pattern that can cause a structure to twist about its length
Deformation
Change on Shape
Plastic
When the force is removed deformation still exists
Elastic
When the force is removed the tissue return to its original size and force
Acute Loads
Single force causes injury
Ex. Fracture
Repetitive Loads
Repeated Forces cause injury
