Integumentary System, Burns, Skin Cancer Flashcards
Integumentary
Another word for skin which is the body outer layer that weighs 20 pounds
Structures of Integumentary
Skin
Nails
Hair
Glands
Nerves
Blood vessels
First function of Epidermis
Protection
- Tough keratin (a tough protein found in skin, hair, and nails) protects against mechanical injury and chemical damage
- Melanocytes are cells produce melanin to protect against UV ray damage
- Acidic sweat protects against bacterial infections
Second Funtion of Epdiermis
Water Barrier
- Keratin and oils in the skin reduce water loss through evaporation and form a barrier against water infusion
3rd Function of Epidermis
Temperature Regulation
- Capillaries dilate to release heat and constrict to conserve heat. Sweat evaporation provides a cooling effect.
4th funtion of Epidermis
Vitamin D production
- Sunlight converts cholesterol into vitamin D, which is essential for bone health
5th function of Epidermis
Waste elimination
- Urea and uric acid are eliminated in sweat
6th Function of Epidermis
Sensory Perception
- Receptor cells transmit information about touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature to the central nervous system
Layers of the skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
What is epidermis
The outer layer of the skin
Composed of stratified epithelial cells
The Five Epidermis Layers
Come Lets Get Sun Burnt
First Layer of Epdiermis
Stratum Corneum- dead cells filled with keratin and constantly shedding. Replacing itself every 25-45 days.
Second Layer of Epidermis
Stratum Lucidum- thick skin layer of dead cells only found on palms of hands, fingers, soles of feet, and toes
Third Layer of Epidermis
Stratum Granulosum- live Keratinocytes become flatter and flatter making them tough and water resistant
Fourth Layer of Epidermis
Stratum Spinosum- live keratinocytes become flatter and flatter making them tough and water resistant
Fifth Layer of Epidermis
Stratum Basale - absorbs nutrients from dermis and produces live skin cells
Skin Color (melanin)
- Stratum Basale contains melanocytes that produce melanin
- The amount of melanin produced is based on genetics
- Exposure to sunlight causes melanocytes to produce more melanin
- Melanin granules are pushed out into the neighboring skin cells, the result in tanning
- Extra melanin in the skin functions as sunscreen by scatters and absorbs the UV rays before penetrating through the epidermis
- Albinism- prevents the normal production of melanin resulting in little pigment in the skin, hair, and nails
Dermis Structure
Papillary Layer and Reticular Layer
Papillary Layer
(superficial layer) contains capillaries and sensory receptors and take on a rigid pattern responsible for your fingerprint called dermal papillae. Dermal papillae create a connection between the epidermis and dermis and form mounds on hands and feet called dermal ridges (your fingerprint)
Retitcular Layer
(deep layer) includes blood and lymphatic vessels, sweat and oil glands, muscles, hair follicles, and nerve endings
Dermis
Composed of collagen and elastic fibers. Collagen fibers provide toughness and the elastic fibers keep skin looking young.
Contains hair follicles
Has a rich supply of blood vessels and sweat glands to regulate body temperature
Dermis Sensory Receptors
Meissner receptors
Pacinian corpuscle
Free nerve endings
Meissner receptors
detect light touch
Pacinian corpuscle
detect deep pressure and vibrational changes
Free nerve endings
Respond to pain, light touch, and temperature variations
Sudoriferous glands (Sweat Glands)
- Distributed throughout the body with high concentration in under arms, palms and soles of feet, and the forehead
- Sweat is odorless but when left on skin turns into an odor due to bacteria
Types of sweat glands
Eccrine and apocrine glands
Eccrine glands
cover most of the body. Sweat is clear that contains mostly water that opens directly onto the skin.
Apocrine glands
Located on genitals and armpits. Secrete milky fluid that secrete onto the hair follicles.
Sweat Glands
Sweat glands are activated to produce sweat when temperatures rise and evaporation cooling reduces body temperature
Sebaceous Glands (Oil Glands) Location
Located all over the body accept for palms of hands and soles of feet
Empty into hair follicles and directly on skin
Sebaceous Glands (Oil Glands)
Function
Produce oily substance called sebum
Keep skin and hair soft and kill bacteria
Hair follicles
Structure
Bulb-shaped and with an arrector pili attached on either side
Hair color
Melanocytes in the follicle produce the pigment that gives hair its color. As a person ages, melanocytes produce less melanin turning hair gray or white
Hair texture
The shape of the hair follicle. A round follicle produces straight hair; a oval follicle produces wavy hair; and a flat-shaped follicle produces curly hair
Goosebumps
When cold or frightened the arrector pili muscles contract pulling the hair upright causing goosebumps. The erect hair traps a layer of air close to the skin, adding insulation to help warm the body
Nails Structure
Nail Bed
Nail Matrix
Lunule
Nail bed
located underneath the nail
Nail matrix
the thickened hard part of the nail. Are clear but appear pink due to the blood supply under the nail bed. This is where the nail grows
Lunule
the crescent portion located on top but located towards the bottom of the nail matrix
Hypodermis
Made of adipose tissue
Source of energy
Padding and insulating the interior of the body
Connects skin to muscle
1st Degree
-Affects only the epidermal layer of skin
-Symptoms: involve reddening of skin, mild pain, and tend to heal in less than a week
-Treatment: place a cool wet compress on burnt area. Don’t use ice and do not pop blisters both of these will cause more pain. Cover with a sterile gauze and apply petroleum jelly 2-3 times a day.
2nd Degree
- Involve damage to both the epidermis and the upper portion of the dermis
- Symptoms: Blisters, fluid-filled pockets that form between the epidermal and dermal layer, very painful and take over a week to heal
- Treatment: place a cool wet compress on burnt area. Don’t use ice and do not pop blisters both of these will cause more pain. Cover with a sterile gauze and apply petroleum jelly 2-3 times a day.
3rd Degree
- Involve damage to the entire thickness of the skin
- Symptoms: Appear grayish-white, initially is not painful because the nerve endings in the skin have been destroyed, later scarring and paint will occur
- Treatment: Third degree burns cannot heal on their own because the stratum basale, which generates new skin cells, has been destroyed. Treatment involves getting a skin graft over the damaged area
- Skin graft: surgical procedure in which a piece of skin is transplanted from one area to another
Rules of nine
- 9% for both the anterior and posterior of the head and neck (4.5% per side)
- 18% for the anterior torso and -18% for the posterior of the torso
- 9% for both the posterior and anterior of each arm (4.5% per side)
- 18% for both the anterior and posterior of each leg (9% per side)
- 1% for the genital region
Basal Cell Carcinoma
- Most common and the least dangerous
- Cause: overproduction of cells in the stratum basale that push upward forming dome-shaped bumps.
- Symptoms: dome-shaped bumps that most often appear on areas of the face that have been exposed to the sunlight
- Treatment: surgically removing dome-shaped bumps
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Cause: Overproduction of cells in the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis
- Symptoms: Appear as a scaly, reddened patch that progresses to an ulcer-like mass with a raised border.
- Most common locations amongst light complexioned people: scalp, ears, lower lip
- Most common locations amongst darker complexioned people: areas not exposed to sunlight such as legs and feet
- Treatment: Surgical removal or chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or drug therapy if it has spread to lymph nodes
Chemotherapy: powerful drugs to kill cancer cells
Malignant Melanoma
The most deadly skin cancer
Symptoms: A mole that changes in size, shape, color, and elevation
ABCD rule for determining the presence of melanoma
Asymmetry: The shape of the mole is irregular
Border Irregularity: Borders are not smooth
Color: more than one color shades of (red, blue, black, brown, pinks)
Diameter: Larger than the diameter of a pencil
