Test #2 Flashcards
Monomer
a molecule of any class of compound that can be bonded to form a polymer
Polymer
materials made of long, repeating chains of molecules. Made up of many monomers joined together.
Macromolecules
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids
Organic Molecules
Amino Acids, RNA, DNA, Glucose, Glycogen, Phospholipid, Glycerides, Fatty Acids, Steroids, ATP
Proteins
Made up of hundreds of amino acids
Structure of Proteins
(RCH(NH2)COOH )
Monomer of Proteins
Amino acid
Polymer of Proteins
Polypeptides and Peptides
Examples of Proteins
Enzymes, Antibodies, collagen, hemoglobin
Function of Proteins
- Form the structures of cells
- Enzymes a protein that helps catalyze (speed up) biological reactions
- Act as carriers such as the protein hemoglobin which is used to carry oxygen in red blood cells
- Muscle development
Carbohydrates
Sugars and Starches
Carbohydrates Monomer
Monosaccharide
Carbohydrates Polymer
Disaccharide and Polysaccharide
Branches of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides- simple sugar molecule that cannot be broken down
Disaccharides- two sugar molecules that can be broken down to a simple sugar
Polysaccharides- more than two sugar molecules that can be broken down
Carbohydrates Functions
Serve as a source of short-term l energy or fuel which is then quickly used to make ATP
Carbohydrates Structure
Hexagon Shaped
2 types of Charbohydrate
Glucose, Glycogen
Lipids
Fats and Oils
Lipids Monomer
Glycerol and Fatty acid
Properties of lipids
- Do not dissolve well in water or blood
- Not as large as proteins or carbohydrates
Types of lipids
Fatty acids
Glycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Function of lipids
Provide insulation
Long-term energy
Nucleic Acids
naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells.
Nucleic Acids Structure
Made up of nucleotides
Nucleic Acid Monomer
Nucleotides
Nucleic Acid Function
Carry genetic information
Amino Acid
Building blocks of proteins (there are 20 types)
RNA and DNA
Associated with Nucleic Acid
Glucose and Glycogen
Associated with Carbohydrate
Fatty acids
Glycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Associated with Lipids
ATP
Associated with Nucleic Acid
Structure of water
Two hydrogens and one oxygen
Polarity
Polar: contains both charges. 2 positive hydrogen and 1 negative oxygen
Hydrogen bonds: Weak bond that forms between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule
Universal Solvent
compounds dissolve in water well due to their ability to bind to either the negative or positive charged components of water
PH
A small fraction of water molecules in solutions either make hydrogen ions (H+) or Hydroxide ions OH-)
Acid: a substance that when added to water increases its hydrogen ion concentration
Base: a substance that when added to water increases its Hydroxide ion concentration
Plasma Membrane
Defines the outer shell of a cell.
Cytoplasm
Inside the membrane and contains everything BUT the Nucleus.
Cytoskeleton
Structure: A network of proteins that defines the shape of a cell.
FIbers: Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules
Function: Helps maintain the shape of the cell and its internal organization.
Centrioles
Structure: Short cylinder made up of 9 triplets of microtubules.
Function: Help guide the movement and separation of chromosomes during cell division.
Mitochondria
Structure: Tubular-shaped structure.
Function: Powerhouse of the cell and creates ATP.
Golgi Apparatus
Structure: A set of membranous discs
Function: Packages and Sorts materials.
Lysosomes
Structure: Sphere-Shaped sacs
Function: Degrades/digests materials.
Ribosomes
Structure: Large and small subunits.
Function: Site of protein synthesis.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(Rough ER)
Structure: Flattened like membrane sheets with ribosomes on them; which makes them rough.
Function: Transports, produces, folds, and, quality of controls of proteins.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(Smooth ER)
Structure: Tube-like.
Function: Transports lipids.
Nucleus
Structure: Sphere-shaped
Function: Contains genetic information.
Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
Role: Maintains homeostasis.
It acts as a barrier that keeps wanted things in and unwanted things out.
Structure: Made up of a phospholipid bilayer & contains proteins.
Cell Transport
Movement of materials across cell membranes.
Passive Transport
Does not require energy to move molecules from HIGH to LOW concentration.
(Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis)
Simple Diffusion
Movement of small particles across the cell membrane. High to Low concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion
Requires help from channel and carrier proteins to move particles from a HIGH to LOW concentration.
Channel proteins
a tube-like protein that selectively diffuses particles.
Carrier proteins
Changes shape when a particle binds to it.
Osmosis
The movement of water through a permeable membrane from HIGH to LOW concentration.
Active Transport
Requires energy to move molecules from LOW to HIGH concentration.
