Unit 1 Flashcards
shape and structure of a cell determines its…
function
father of scientific anatomy
herophilus
public dissections of live specimens comparing human and animal morphology
herophilus
discovered nervous system, distinguishes sensory from motor nerves
herophilus
considered second only to hippocrates
galen
prince of physicians
galen
proved that arteries are full of blood
galen
came up with the spirit system (pneuma)
galen
first to introduce notion of experimentation to medicine with dog urinary bladder study
galen
natural spirit
liver; nutrition and metabolism
vital spirit
heart; temperature and blood blow
animal spirit
brain; sensory and movement
sub disciplines of anatomy
microscopic and gross
microscopic anatomy
observes structures that cannot be seen by unaided eye
instrumentation and magnification
histology and cytology
histology
study of tissues
cytology
study of a cell and its specific structures
gross/microscopic anatomy
structure and relationships of large body parts visible to unaided eye
macroscopic anatomy approaches/branches
developmental, regional, surface, systemic, pathologic, radiographic, surgical
developmental anatomy
changes in structure from conception thru maturity
regional anatomy
examines structure in particular region of the body as a complete unit
surface anatomy
examines both superficial anatomical markings and internal structures as they relate to skin covering them
systemic anatomy
examines macroscopic anatomy of each organ system
pathologic anatomy
anatomic changes due to disease
radiographic anatomy
relationships among internal structures visualized by specific imaging procedures
surgical anatomy
anatomic landmarks used for surgical procedures
anatomy relies upon… (tools of the trade)
precise observation, thorough description, and correct use of terminology
structural organization
chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
tissue types
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
for growth to occur, anabolic activity must be … than catabolic activity
greater
responsiveness is also known as…
irritability
11 organ systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
integumentary organs
skin, glands, hair
skeletal organs
skull, vertebrae, cartilage, limbs, rib, sternum, knee joint, sacrum
muscular organs
tendons, sartorius muscle, pectoralis major muscle, aponeurosis, orbicularis oculi muscle
nervous organs
sense organs, brain, spinal cord, nerves
endocrine organs
hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, parathyroid, gonads
cardiovascular organs
heart, blood, vessels
lymphatic organs
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph vessel, thoracic duct
respiratory organs
lungs, larynx, nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, thoracic diaphragm
digestive organs
oral cavity, pharynx, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
urinary organs
kidney, ureters, urethra, urinary bladder
reproductive organs
scrotum, testis, urethra, prostate gland, penis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, ductus deferens
mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tube, external genitalia (clitoris, labia)
fxn of integumentary
protection, regulation of temp, prevent water loss, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous receptors
fxn of skeletal
support, protection, hemopolesis, calcium and phosphorus storage, muscle attachment
fxn of muscular
body movement, generates heat when contracting
fxn of nervous
body movement, control other systems, consciousness, intelligence, memory
fxn of endocrine
regulate body and cell growth, chemical levels in the body, reproductive functions
fxn of cardiovascular
heart pumps blood through vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gasses, pick up waste products
fxn of lymphatic
immune response, filters and transports lymph
fxn of respiratory
exchange of gases between blood and air in the lungs
fxn of digestive
mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products
fxn of urinary
filter blood, remove waste, concentrate waste products in urine, expel waste from body
fxn of reproductive
produce sex cells and hormones, male transfers sperm to female, oocyte is fertilized, embryo grows and develops into fetus, breast milk produced for newborn
two main body cavities
ventral and dorsal
dorsal cavity
aka posterior aspect, contains cranial cavity and vertebral canal
ventral cavity
contains abdominopelvic cavity and thoracic cavity, separated by diaphragm
abdominopelvic cavity
contains abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
thoracic cavity
contains mediastinum, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined by a … membrane
serous
serous membrane
divides and partitions body into smaller parts, 2 layers separated by lubricating film of serous fluid
2 layers of serous membrane
parietal and visceral
parietal layer
outer layer
visceral layer
inner layer (against the organ)
pleural cavity
space between visceral and parietal pleura
anatomical position
universal point of reference for consistency
why do the thumbs point out in the anatomical position?
so that the ulna and radius are parallel
fxns of cells
covering, lining, storage, movement, connection, defense, communication, reproduction
average size of cell
30 um (micrometers)
cells in the body usually range between … and …
8 um, 1 meter
3 basic components of cell
plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
cytoplasm
cytosol, organelles, inclusions; site of metabolic activity
nucleus
control center, directs cells’ functional and structural characteristics
plasma membrane is also called a…
plasmalemma
fxn of plasma membrane
selectively permeable, divide internal components (ICF and ECF), surface area, cell growth, cell integrity
glycocalyx
carbohydrate on surface of the cell, binds cells
protein-specific fxns of plasma membrane
transport, intercellular attachment, anchorage for the cytoskeleton, enzyme activity, cell-cell recognition, signal reduction
factors that influence transport of materials across PM
transport proteins, PM structure (phospholipid composition), ionic charge, concentration gradients, lipid solubility, molecular size
passive transport processes
simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, bulk filtration
facilitated diffusion
specific carrier
passive bulk filtration/bulk movement
solvent and solute move across PM, pressure gradient
active transport processes
ion pumps, bulk transport
ion pumps
important, permits cells to maintain internal ion/molecule concentrations
active bulk transport
moves large structures in bulk across PM (macromolecules)
sodium potassium pump
primary active transport system, antiport mechanism (Na moves in, K moves out
primary active transport system
sets ion gradient, uses energy from hydrolysis of ATP
secondary active transport system
coupled system, transport driven indirectly by energy stored in ion gradients created by primary to pump things
exocytosis
bulk transport OUT, ADDS to the PM
endocytosis types
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
endocytosis
bulk transport IN, takes away from the PM
cytosol
viscous, syrup-like fluid, intracellular fluid
inclusions
large and diverse group of chemical substances stored by cells, such as pigments, glycogen
3 basic structures of nucleus
nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin (DNA)
endomembrane system
organelles that work together to produce, store, and export biological molecules, and degrade potentially harmful substances
(golgi, lysosomes, vesicles, PM)
nuclear envelope
double membrane with perinuclear space, nuclear lamina made of lamins, nuclear pores (“gatekeepers”)
nucleoli
dark spherical bodies in nucleus that produce ribosomal subunits
chromatin
composed of equal amounts of DNA and histone proteins, nucleosomes with DNA wrapped histones, chromosomes coiled and condensed
interphase
routine activities
mitotic phase
tissue growth, maintenance and repair
G0 phase
non dividing stage
DNA and centrioles start to replicate going from … to …
G1, S
aging reduces … fxn
metabolic
types of tissue death
necrosis and apoptosis
necrosis
breakdown of homeostasis, integrity lost, inflammation, Ca released
apoptosis
programmed cell death, removes unwanted cells
gastrulation occurs at … of development
3 weeks
… is a critical period of development because it is sensitive to …
gastrulation, teratogens
teratogen
agent or factor that causes malformation of embryo and disrupts embryo formation
ectoderm is derived from…
epithelial and nervous tissue
mesoderm is derived from…
epithelial, connective, and muscle tissue
endoderm is derived from…
epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue fxn
covering/protecting body surfaces and lining body cavities, selective permeability, secretions, sensation
epithelium
one or more layers of closely packed epithelial cells that forms a barrier between two compartments having differing components
characteristics of epithelial tissue
closely packed, apical and basal surfaces, supported by CT with basement membrane, avascular, richly innervated, high regenerative capacity
basement membrane
comprised of laminae that strengthen attachment and form molecular barrier
fxn of basement membrane
support, anchor epithelium to CT, regulate movement,
lamina propria
connective tissue just underlying a surface epithelium of an internal organ
factors that help PM bind cells
glycocalyx, tongue and groove, intercellular junctions
types of intercellular junctions
tight junction, adhering junction, desmosome, gap junction
tight junctions also known as
zonula occludens
adhering junctions also known as
zonula adherens
desmosomes also known as
macula adherens
gap junctions also known as
nexus
tight junctions fxn
prevent passage between cells
adhering junctions fxn
support apical surface and provides a passageway between cells in direction of basal surface
desmosomes fxn
distribute stress
gap junctions fxn
allow direct communication between adjacent cells
tongue and groove
provides strength and increases surface area
junctional complex
combination of intercellular junctions, near the cell apex; tight junction, adhering junction, desmosome; reinforces the integrity of epithelium
neuroepithelium
specialized epithelium that houses specific cells responsible for senses of taste, smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium
a squamous cell is shaped like a … with a … nucleus
graham cracker, flat
a cuboidal cell is shaped like a … with a … nucleus
marshmallow, spherical
a columnar cell is shaped like a … with a … nucleus
hersheys bar, oblong
simple epithelium consists of…
a single layer of cells
stratified epithelium consists of…
several layers of cells
glands originate as…
small invaginations from the epithelium into the underlying CT
glands are primarily made of…
epithelial tissue
2 classifications of glands
exocrine and endocrine
exocrine glands
at skin surface, usually through a duct
endocrine glands
hormones are secreted into blood, interstitialfluid, lymph
unicellular exocrine gland
single exocrine cells with predominantly nonsecretory epithelium that tends to be located near the surface of the epithelium
example of unicellular exocrine gland
goblet cell
goblet cells produce…
mucin
mucin
attracts water and forms mucous
multicellular exocrine gland
several cells that work together to form a secretion which is then released onto the epithelium; made of simple cuboidal epithelium
parts of multicellular exocrine glands
stroma, parenchyma, secretory units
stroma
CT framework
parenchyma
functional portion
secretory units
acinus and duct; ducts, vasculature, nerves
simple glands
unbranched (one duct)
compound glands
branched (multiple ducts)
tubular gland
tube-like secretory portion
acinar/alveolar gland
sac-like secretory portion
tubuloacinar/tubuloacinar gland
combination secretory portion
serous secretion
watery, nonviscous
mucous secretion
mucin
mixed secretion
both serous and mucin cells
secretion methods
merocrine/eccrine, apocrine, holocrine
merocrine/eccrine gland
most common, exocytosis, salivary gland
apocrine gland
pinching off of apical portion o f secretory cell
holocrine gland
disintegrating cells becoming the secretion
most diverse, abundant, widely distributed and structurally variable tissue
connective tissue
connective tissue fxn
support, protect, and bind organs, immune protection, store calcium and phosphorus, transport
extracellular matrix of connective tissue
protein fibers and ground substance
function of collagen fibers
strength and shape, stretch
fxn of elastic
stretch, flexibility, resiliency, support
fxn of reticular
interwoven meshwork made of fine collagen fibers, delicate network
mesenchyme
part of mesoderm, loosely packed unspecialized cells set in gelatinous ground substance
CT 3 broad categories
proper, supporting, fluid
proper CT
loose, dense
supporting CT
cartilage, bone
fluid CT
blood
loose CT
fewer fibers, more ground substance
areolar, adipose, reticular
dense CT
more fibers, less ground substance
regular, irregular
cartilage
has holes called lacunae
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
bone
compact, spongy
why is blood considered CT?
it contains cells, proteins, and ground substance
mucous membrane
lines cavities that are OPEN to exterior
consists of epithelium and underlying lamina propria
serous membrane
lines cavities that are closed to the exterior
consists of parietal layer and visceral layer
cutaneous membrane
skin
synovial membrane
in joints/articulations
parietal layer lines the…
inner surface of body cavities
visceral layer lines the…
outer surface of organs
muscle tissue is composed of specialized cells referred to as…
fibers
when contraction happens, the cell…
shortens
types of contractile tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
skeletal muscle
long, striated, voluntary
cardiac muscle
short, striated, intercalated disks, involuntary, pacemaker cells, desmosomes and gap junctions
smooth muscle
fusiform shape, unstriated, short, one centrally located nucleus, involuntary, pacemaker cells
pacemaker cells
initiate contraction
nervous tissue is aka,,,
neural tissue
nervous tissue is composed of…
neurons and glial cells
neuron
communication
soma, axon, dendrites
glial cell
support cells
oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, schwann cells, satellite cells
dendrites … signals
receive
axons … signals
send
fxn of nervous tissue
detect stimuli, process info quickly, rapidly transmit electrical impulses for overall body communication
metaplasia
mature epithelium changes into a different form of mature epithelium
hypertrophy
increase in the side of an existing cell
hyperplasia
increase in cell numbers
atrophy
shrinkage of tissue (decrease of cell size or number)
neoplasia
growth proceeds out of control and a tumor of abnormal tissue develops (benign or malignant)
barretts esophagus
normal squamous cells change into a mixture of stratified squamous and simple columnar
integumentary system consists of…
skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
3 layers of integument
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
integument accounts for … of body weight
7-8%
male skin is…
thicker, has more sebum, has more collagen
touch receptors
meissners corpuscles
arrector pilli muscle
smooth involuntary muscle
causes goosebumps
vasculature and innervations are brought in at the … layer
subcutaneous
integument fxns
protection, water retention, temp regulation, metabolic regulation, immune defense, sensory reception, excretion
epidermis is…
keratinized, avascular, layered
layers of epidermis
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
stratum basale has a … border
wavy
cells in stratum basale
keratinocytes (cuboidal), melanocytes, tactile (Merkel)
stratum spinosum
several layers thick
stratum spinosum is composed of
intermediate filaments, desmosomes, prekeratin, langerhan’s/epidermal dendritic cells
langerhans/epidermal dendritic cells
immune cells; arise from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis, layer with highest numbers, slender processes from network among keratinocytes
stratum granulosum
thin strata of flattened keratinocytes, lamellated granules
stratum lucidum is only present in … skin
thick
eleiden
clear intracellular protein, keratohyalin granules begin to associate with keratin filaments causing aggregation into parallel arrays
fxn of stratum lucidum
additional support, cushioning, thickness
stratum corneum is … cell layers thick
20-30
stratum corneum is composed of…
dead, anucleate cells
fxn of stratum corneum
provides barrier
life cycle of a keratinocyte
new epidermis every 25 to 45 days
thick skin
5 layers
palms, foot sole, fingers, toes
contains sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands
thin skin
4 layers, lacking the stratum lucidum
contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
carotene
yellow-orange
erythema
redness/inflammation
cyanosis
blue hue
nevus/mole
overgrowth of melanin-forming cells
freckles
excessive activity of melanocyte
friction ridges
folds/valleys of both dermal and epidermal tissue, provides more surface area
dermis composed of 2 layers
papillary, reticular
dermis contains…
vasculature, hair follicles, secretory (sweat glands)
most superficial layer of dermis
papillary
papillary layer is composed of…
areolar CT
fxn of dermal papillae
increase surface area and maintain attachment
dermal papillae
interlock with epidermal ridges, increase area of contact between layers
meissners corpuscle
tactile receptor
subpapillary vascular plexus
collection of tubes/fibers
site of capillary loops that supply nutrients to cells of epidermis
thickest layer of dermis
reticular layer
reticular layer is composed of…
dense irregular CT with large bundles of collagen projecting in many different directions
fxn of reticular layer
adds strength
pacinian corpuscle
responds to vibrations
lines of cleavage/tension lines
orientation of fibers resist applied stress placed upon skin during movement
dermis has … innervation
extensive
dermal vasculature
supplies nutrients to dermis, dermal structures and epidermis, regulate temp
subcutaneous layer/hypodermis is composed of…
areolar CT and adipose tissue
fxns of subcutaneous layer
protecting padding, energy reservoir, thermal insulation
epidermal accessory organs
hair, nails, exocrine glands
dermal papilla cells
special dermal fibroblast cells
epidermal peg
epidermal cells start proliferating and push down into the dermis
nails are formed from…
hard keratin (cysetine)
fxns of nails
protection of distal tips, prevent damage/distortion
nail root
where nail body originates
nail matrix
thickened portion
lunula
half moon, growth site
eponychium
cuticle, covers nail root/bed and makes shiny
hyponychium
prevents dirt and bacteria from entering under nail
nail bed
contains deeper, living layers of epidermis
pilli
hair
hair bulb/papilla
nutrient source, site of hair growth, melanocytes
hair root
remainder of hair in follicle
hair shaft
portion of hair that extends beyond skin surface
hair follicle
tube that surrounds hair, concentric layers
lanugo
fine, unpigmented, downy hair
velum hair
fine, pigmented hair that replaces lanugo hair; primary human hair
arms, legs
terminal hair
course pigmented hair
scalp, facial hair, pubic, armpit
melanin synthesized in…
matrix
anagen
growing phase
catagen
resting phase
telogen
shedding phase
new hair growth begins inside…
follicle, internal to older hair, which is pushed ahead and eventually falls from follicle
alopecia
hair thinning, hair follicle stops producing hair, occurs in both sexes usually as a result of aging, sometimes stress
male pattern baldness
hair lost from select regions of scalp, due to testosterone
diffuse hair loss
happens in women due to hormones, often in pregnancy
hirutism
excessive hairiness
fxns of hair
protection, heat retention, facial expression, sensory reception, visual identification, chemical signal dispersal
sudoriferous (sweat) glands
produce watery secretion which performs many fxns
sweat gland secretory unit contains…
myoepithelial cells
types of sweat glands
apocrine, merocrine (eccrine)
fxns of merocrine sweat gland
thermoregulation, secretion, protection
apocrine sweat glands are localized to…
axillary, anal, pubic areas, turns on at puberty
myoepithelial cells
cause secretory unit to be squished and push secretion into duct
merocrine sweat glands contain … cells
simple cuboidal
sebaceous gland mode of secretion
holocrine
sebaceous glands secrete…
sebum
sebum
oily waxy secretory product that acts like a lubricant for skin and hair, preventing it from becoming dry, brittle, cracked, bactericidal properties
sebaceous glands become active at…
puberty
pilosebaceous unit
hair follicle, sebaceous gland, hair shaft
ceruminous glands
modified sweat glands located in ear canal
produce cerumen (earwax)
mammary glands
modified apocrine sweat glands
secrete milk
tissue repair occurs via…
regeneration, restores organ function
if damage is severe…
scar tissue (fibrosis) forms and fxn cannot be restored
what forms scar tissue
fibroblasts
