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Anatomy > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

shape and structure of a cell determines its…

A

function

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2
Q

father of scientific anatomy

A

herophilus

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3
Q

public dissections of live specimens comparing human and animal morphology

A

herophilus

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4
Q

discovered nervous system, distinguishes sensory from motor nerves

A

herophilus

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5
Q

considered second only to hippocrates

A

galen

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6
Q

prince of physicians

A

galen

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7
Q

proved that arteries are full of blood

A

galen

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8
Q

came up with the spirit system (pneuma)

A

galen

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9
Q

first to introduce notion of experimentation to medicine with dog urinary bladder study

A

galen

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10
Q

natural spirit

A

liver; nutrition and metabolism

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11
Q

vital spirit

A

heart; temperature and blood blow

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12
Q

animal spirit

A

brain; sensory and movement

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13
Q

sub disciplines of anatomy

A

microscopic and gross

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14
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

observes structures that cannot be seen by unaided eye
instrumentation and magnification
histology and cytology

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15
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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16
Q

cytology

A

study of a cell and its specific structures

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17
Q

gross/microscopic anatomy

A

structure and relationships of large body parts visible to unaided eye

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18
Q

macroscopic anatomy approaches/branches

A

developmental, regional, surface, systemic, pathologic, radiographic, surgical

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19
Q

developmental anatomy

A

changes in structure from conception thru maturity

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20
Q

regional anatomy

A

examines structure in particular region of the body as a complete unit

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21
Q

surface anatomy

A

examines both superficial anatomical markings and internal structures as they relate to skin covering them

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22
Q

systemic anatomy

A

examines macroscopic anatomy of each organ system

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23
Q

pathologic anatomy

A

anatomic changes due to disease

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24
Q

radiographic anatomy

A

relationships among internal structures visualized by specific imaging procedures

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25
Q

surgical anatomy

A

anatomic landmarks used for surgical procedures

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26
Q

anatomy relies upon… (tools of the trade)

A

precise observation, thorough description, and correct use of terminology

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27
Q

structural organization

A

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

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28
Q

tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

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29
Q

for growth to occur, anabolic activity must be … than catabolic activity

A

greater

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30
Q

responsiveness is also known as…

A

irritability

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31
Q

11 organ systems

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

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32
Q

integumentary organs

A

skin, glands, hair

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33
Q

skeletal organs

A

skull, vertebrae, cartilage, limbs, rib, sternum, knee joint, sacrum

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34
Q

muscular organs

A

tendons, sartorius muscle, pectoralis major muscle, aponeurosis, orbicularis oculi muscle

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35
Q

nervous organs

A

sense organs, brain, spinal cord, nerves

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36
Q

endocrine organs

A

hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, parathyroid, gonads

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37
Q

cardiovascular organs

A

heart, blood, vessels

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38
Q

lymphatic organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph vessel, thoracic duct

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39
Q

respiratory organs

A

lungs, larynx, nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, thoracic diaphragm

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40
Q

digestive organs

A

oral cavity, pharynx, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

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41
Q

urinary organs

A

kidney, ureters, urethra, urinary bladder

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42
Q

reproductive organs

A

scrotum, testis, urethra, prostate gland, penis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, ductus deferens
mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tube, external genitalia (clitoris, labia)

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43
Q

fxn of integumentary

A

protection, regulation of temp, prevent water loss, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous receptors

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44
Q

fxn of skeletal

A

support, protection, hemopolesis, calcium and phosphorus storage, muscle attachment

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45
Q

fxn of muscular

A

body movement, generates heat when contracting

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46
Q

fxn of nervous

A

body movement, control other systems, consciousness, intelligence, memory

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47
Q

fxn of endocrine

A

regulate body and cell growth, chemical levels in the body, reproductive functions

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48
Q

fxn of cardiovascular

A

heart pumps blood through vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gasses, pick up waste products

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49
Q

fxn of lymphatic

A

immune response, filters and transports lymph

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50
Q

fxn of respiratory

A

exchange of gases between blood and air in the lungs

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51
Q

fxn of digestive

A

mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products

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52
Q

fxn of urinary

A

filter blood, remove waste, concentrate waste products in urine, expel waste from body

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53
Q

fxn of reproductive

A

produce sex cells and hormones, male transfers sperm to female, oocyte is fertilized, embryo grows and develops into fetus, breast milk produced for newborn

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54
Q

two main body cavities

A

ventral and dorsal

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55
Q

dorsal cavity

A

aka posterior aspect, contains cranial cavity and vertebral canal

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56
Q

ventral cavity

A

contains abdominopelvic cavity and thoracic cavity, separated by diaphragm

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57
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

contains abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

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58
Q

thoracic cavity

A

contains mediastinum, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity

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59
Q

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined by a … membrane

A

serous

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60
Q

serous membrane

A

divides and partitions body into smaller parts, 2 layers separated by lubricating film of serous fluid

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61
Q

2 layers of serous membrane

A

parietal and visceral

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62
Q

parietal layer

A

outer layer

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63
Q

visceral layer

A

inner layer (against the organ)

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64
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between visceral and parietal pleura

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65
Q

anatomical position

A

universal point of reference for consistency

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66
Q

why do the thumbs point out in the anatomical position?

A

so that the ulna and radius are parallel

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67
Q

fxns of cells

A

covering, lining, storage, movement, connection, defense, communication, reproduction

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68
Q

average size of cell

A

30 um (micrometers)

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69
Q

cells in the body usually range between … and …

A

8 um, 1 meter

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70
Q

3 basic components of cell

A

plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

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71
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol, organelles, inclusions; site of metabolic activity

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72
Q

nucleus

A

control center, directs cells’ functional and structural characteristics

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73
Q

plasma membrane is also called a…

A

plasmalemma

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74
Q

fxn of plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable, divide internal components (ICF and ECF), surface area, cell growth, cell integrity

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75
Q

glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate on surface of the cell, binds cells

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76
Q

protein-specific fxns of plasma membrane

A

transport, intercellular attachment, anchorage for the cytoskeleton, enzyme activity, cell-cell recognition, signal reduction

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77
Q

factors that influence transport of materials across PM

A

transport proteins, PM structure (phospholipid composition), ionic charge, concentration gradients, lipid solubility, molecular size

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78
Q

passive transport processes

A

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, bulk filtration

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79
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

specific carrier

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80
Q

passive bulk filtration/bulk movement

A

solvent and solute move across PM, pressure gradient

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81
Q

active transport processes

A

ion pumps, bulk transport

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82
Q

ion pumps

A

important, permits cells to maintain internal ion/molecule concentrations

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83
Q

active bulk transport

A

moves large structures in bulk across PM (macromolecules)

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84
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

primary active transport system, antiport mechanism (Na moves in, K moves out

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85
Q

primary active transport system

A

sets ion gradient, uses energy from hydrolysis of ATP

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86
Q

secondary active transport system

A

coupled system, transport driven indirectly by energy stored in ion gradients created by primary to pump things

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87
Q

exocytosis

A

bulk transport OUT, ADDS to the PM

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88
Q

endocytosis types

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

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89
Q

endocytosis

A

bulk transport IN, takes away from the PM

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90
Q

cytosol

A

viscous, syrup-like fluid, intracellular fluid

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91
Q

inclusions

A

large and diverse group of chemical substances stored by cells, such as pigments, glycogen

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92
Q

3 basic structures of nucleus

A

nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin (DNA)

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93
Q

endomembrane system

A

organelles that work together to produce, store, and export biological molecules, and degrade potentially harmful substances
(golgi, lysosomes, vesicles, PM)

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94
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane with perinuclear space, nuclear lamina made of lamins, nuclear pores (“gatekeepers”)

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95
Q

nucleoli

A

dark spherical bodies in nucleus that produce ribosomal subunits

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96
Q

chromatin

A

composed of equal amounts of DNA and histone proteins, nucleosomes with DNA wrapped histones, chromosomes coiled and condensed

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97
Q

interphase

A

routine activities

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98
Q

mitotic phase

A

tissue growth, maintenance and repair

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99
Q

G0 phase

A

non dividing stage

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100
Q

DNA and centrioles start to replicate going from … to …

A

G1, S

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101
Q

aging reduces … fxn

A

metabolic

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102
Q

types of tissue death

A

necrosis and apoptosis

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103
Q

necrosis

A

breakdown of homeostasis, integrity lost, inflammation, Ca released

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104
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death, removes unwanted cells

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105
Q

gastrulation occurs at … of development

A

3 weeks

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106
Q

… is a critical period of development because it is sensitive to …

A

gastrulation, teratogens

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107
Q

teratogen

A

agent or factor that causes malformation of embryo and disrupts embryo formation

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108
Q

ectoderm is derived from…

A

epithelial and nervous tissue

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109
Q

mesoderm is derived from…

A

epithelial, connective, and muscle tissue

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110
Q

endoderm is derived from…

A

epithelial tissue

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111
Q

epithelial tissue fxn

A

covering/protecting body surfaces and lining body cavities, selective permeability, secretions, sensation

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112
Q

epithelium

A

one or more layers of closely packed epithelial cells that forms a barrier between two compartments having differing components

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113
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

closely packed, apical and basal surfaces, supported by CT with basement membrane, avascular, richly innervated, high regenerative capacity

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114
Q

basement membrane

A

comprised of laminae that strengthen attachment and form molecular barrier

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115
Q

fxn of basement membrane

A

support, anchor epithelium to CT, regulate movement,

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116
Q

lamina propria

A

connective tissue just underlying a surface epithelium of an internal organ

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117
Q

factors that help PM bind cells

A

glycocalyx, tongue and groove, intercellular junctions

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118
Q

types of intercellular junctions

A

tight junction, adhering junction, desmosome, gap junction

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119
Q

tight junctions also known as

A

zonula occludens

120
Q

adhering junctions also known as

A

zonula adherens

121
Q

desmosomes also known as

A

macula adherens

122
Q

gap junctions also known as

A

nexus

123
Q

tight junctions fxn

A

prevent passage between cells

124
Q

adhering junctions fxn

A

support apical surface and provides a passageway between cells in direction of basal surface

125
Q

desmosomes fxn

A

distribute stress

126
Q

gap junctions fxn

A

allow direct communication between adjacent cells

127
Q

tongue and groove

A

provides strength and increases surface area

128
Q

junctional complex

A

combination of intercellular junctions, near the cell apex; tight junction, adhering junction, desmosome; reinforces the integrity of epithelium

129
Q

neuroepithelium

A

specialized epithelium that houses specific cells responsible for senses of taste, smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium

130
Q

a squamous cell is shaped like a … with a … nucleus

A

graham cracker, flat

131
Q

a cuboidal cell is shaped like a … with a … nucleus

A

marshmallow, spherical

132
Q

a columnar cell is shaped like a … with a … nucleus

A

hersheys bar, oblong

133
Q

simple epithelium consists of…

A

a single layer of cells

134
Q

stratified epithelium consists of…

A

several layers of cells

135
Q

glands originate as…

A

small invaginations from the epithelium into the underlying CT

136
Q

glands are primarily made of…

A

epithelial tissue

137
Q

2 classifications of glands

A

exocrine and endocrine

138
Q

exocrine glands

A

at skin surface, usually through a duct

139
Q

endocrine glands

A

hormones are secreted into blood, interstitialfluid, lymph

140
Q

unicellular exocrine gland

A

single exocrine cells with predominantly nonsecretory epithelium that tends to be located near the surface of the epithelium

141
Q

example of unicellular exocrine gland

A

goblet cell

142
Q

goblet cells produce…

A

mucin

143
Q

mucin

A

attracts water and forms mucous

144
Q

multicellular exocrine gland

A

several cells that work together to form a secretion which is then released onto the epithelium; made of simple cuboidal epithelium

145
Q

parts of multicellular exocrine glands

A

stroma, parenchyma, secretory units

146
Q

stroma

A

CT framework

147
Q

parenchyma

A

functional portion

148
Q

secretory units

A

acinus and duct; ducts, vasculature, nerves

149
Q

simple glands

A

unbranched (one duct)

150
Q

compound glands

A

branched (multiple ducts)

151
Q

tubular gland

A

tube-like secretory portion

152
Q

acinar/alveolar gland

A

sac-like secretory portion

153
Q

tubuloacinar/tubuloacinar gland

A

combination secretory portion

154
Q

serous secretion

A

watery, nonviscous

155
Q

mucous secretion

A

mucin

156
Q

mixed secretion

A

both serous and mucin cells

157
Q

secretion methods

A

merocrine/eccrine, apocrine, holocrine

158
Q

merocrine/eccrine gland

A

most common, exocytosis, salivary gland

159
Q

apocrine gland

A

pinching off of apical portion o f secretory cell

160
Q

holocrine gland

A

disintegrating cells becoming the secretion

161
Q

most diverse, abundant, widely distributed and structurally variable tissue

A

connective tissue

162
Q

connective tissue fxn

A

support, protect, and bind organs, immune protection, store calcium and phosphorus, transport

163
Q

extracellular matrix of connective tissue

A

protein fibers and ground substance

164
Q

function of collagen fibers

A

strength and shape, stretch

165
Q

fxn of elastic

A

stretch, flexibility, resiliency, support

166
Q

fxn of reticular

A

interwoven meshwork made of fine collagen fibers, delicate network

167
Q

mesenchyme

A

part of mesoderm, loosely packed unspecialized cells set in gelatinous ground substance

168
Q

CT 3 broad categories

A

proper, supporting, fluid

169
Q

proper CT

A

loose, dense

170
Q

supporting CT

A

cartilage, bone

171
Q

fluid CT

A

blood

172
Q

loose CT

A

fewer fibers, more ground substance
areolar, adipose, reticular

173
Q

dense CT

A

more fibers, less ground substance
regular, irregular

174
Q

cartilage

A

has holes called lacunae
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

175
Q

bone

A

compact, spongy

176
Q

why is blood considered CT?

A

it contains cells, proteins, and ground substance

177
Q

mucous membrane

A

lines cavities that are OPEN to exterior
consists of epithelium and underlying lamina propria

178
Q

serous membrane

A

lines cavities that are closed to the exterior
consists of parietal layer and visceral layer

179
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin

180
Q

synovial membrane

A

in joints/articulations

181
Q

parietal layer lines the…

A

inner surface of body cavities

182
Q

visceral layer lines the…

A

outer surface of organs

183
Q

muscle tissue is composed of specialized cells referred to as…

A

fibers

184
Q

when contraction happens, the cell…

A

shortens

185
Q

types of contractile tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

186
Q

skeletal muscle

A

long, striated, voluntary

187
Q

cardiac muscle

A

short, striated, intercalated disks, involuntary, pacemaker cells, desmosomes and gap junctions

188
Q

smooth muscle

A

fusiform shape, unstriated, short, one centrally located nucleus, involuntary, pacemaker cells

189
Q

pacemaker cells

A

initiate contraction

190
Q

nervous tissue is aka,,,

A

neural tissue

191
Q

nervous tissue is composed of…

A

neurons and glial cells

192
Q

neuron

A

communication
soma, axon, dendrites

193
Q

glial cell

A

support cells
oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, schwann cells, satellite cells

194
Q

dendrites … signals

A

receive

195
Q

axons … signals

A

send

196
Q

fxn of nervous tissue

A

detect stimuli, process info quickly, rapidly transmit electrical impulses for overall body communication

197
Q

metaplasia

A

mature epithelium changes into a different form of mature epithelium

198
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in the side of an existing cell

199
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell numbers

200
Q

atrophy

A

shrinkage of tissue (decrease of cell size or number)

201
Q

neoplasia

A

growth proceeds out of control and a tumor of abnormal tissue develops (benign or malignant)

202
Q

barretts esophagus

A

normal squamous cells change into a mixture of stratified squamous and simple columnar

203
Q

integumentary system consists of…

A

skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands

204
Q

3 layers of integument

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

205
Q

integument accounts for … of body weight

A

7-8%

206
Q

male skin is…

A

thicker, has more sebum, has more collagen

207
Q

touch receptors

A

meissners corpuscles

208
Q

arrector pilli muscle

A

smooth involuntary muscle
causes goosebumps

209
Q

vasculature and innervations are brought in at the … layer

A

subcutaneous

210
Q

integument fxns

A

protection, water retention, temp regulation, metabolic regulation, immune defense, sensory reception, excretion

211
Q

epidermis is…

A

keratinized, avascular, layered

212
Q

layers of epidermis

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

213
Q

stratum basale has a … border

A

wavy

214
Q

cells in stratum basale

A

keratinocytes (cuboidal), melanocytes, tactile (Merkel)

215
Q

stratum spinosum

A

several layers thick

216
Q

stratum spinosum is composed of

A

intermediate filaments, desmosomes, prekeratin, langerhan’s/epidermal dendritic cells

217
Q

langerhans/epidermal dendritic cells

A

immune cells; arise from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis, layer with highest numbers, slender processes from network among keratinocytes

218
Q

stratum granulosum

A

thin strata of flattened keratinocytes, lamellated granules

219
Q

stratum lucidum is only present in … skin

A

thick

220
Q

eleiden

A

clear intracellular protein, keratohyalin granules begin to associate with keratin filaments causing aggregation into parallel arrays

221
Q

fxn of stratum lucidum

A

additional support, cushioning, thickness

222
Q

stratum corneum is … cell layers thick

A

20-30

223
Q

stratum corneum is composed of…

A

dead, anucleate cells

224
Q

fxn of stratum corneum

A

provides barrier

225
Q

life cycle of a keratinocyte

A

new epidermis every 25 to 45 days

226
Q

thick skin

A

5 layers
palms, foot sole, fingers, toes
contains sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands

227
Q

thin skin

A

4 layers, lacking the stratum lucidum
contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands

228
Q

carotene

A

yellow-orange

229
Q

erythema

A

redness/inflammation

230
Q

cyanosis

A

blue hue

231
Q

nevus/mole

A

overgrowth of melanin-forming cells

232
Q

freckles

A

excessive activity of melanocyte

233
Q

friction ridges

A

folds/valleys of both dermal and epidermal tissue, provides more surface area

234
Q

dermis composed of 2 layers

A

papillary, reticular

235
Q

dermis contains…

A

vasculature, hair follicles, secretory (sweat glands)

236
Q

most superficial layer of dermis

A

papillary

237
Q

papillary layer is composed of…

A

areolar CT

238
Q

fxn of dermal papillae

A

increase surface area and maintain attachment

239
Q

dermal papillae

A

interlock with epidermal ridges, increase area of contact between layers

240
Q

meissners corpuscle

A

tactile receptor

241
Q

subpapillary vascular plexus

A

collection of tubes/fibers
site of capillary loops that supply nutrients to cells of epidermis

242
Q

thickest layer of dermis

A

reticular layer

243
Q

reticular layer is composed of…

A

dense irregular CT with large bundles of collagen projecting in many different directions

244
Q

fxn of reticular layer

A

adds strength

245
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

responds to vibrations

246
Q

lines of cleavage/tension lines

A

orientation of fibers resist applied stress placed upon skin during movement

247
Q

dermis has … innervation

A

extensive

248
Q

dermal vasculature

A

supplies nutrients to dermis, dermal structures and epidermis, regulate temp

249
Q

subcutaneous layer/hypodermis is composed of…

A

areolar CT and adipose tissue

250
Q

fxns of subcutaneous layer

A

protecting padding, energy reservoir, thermal insulation

251
Q

epidermal accessory organs

A

hair, nails, exocrine glands

252
Q

dermal papilla cells

A

special dermal fibroblast cells

253
Q

epidermal peg

A

epidermal cells start proliferating and push down into the dermis

254
Q

nails are formed from…

A

hard keratin (cysetine)

255
Q

fxns of nails

A

protection of distal tips, prevent damage/distortion

256
Q

nail root

A

where nail body originates

257
Q

nail matrix

A

thickened portion

258
Q

lunula

A

half moon, growth site

259
Q

eponychium

A

cuticle, covers nail root/bed and makes shiny

260
Q

hyponychium

A

prevents dirt and bacteria from entering under nail

261
Q

nail bed

A

contains deeper, living layers of epidermis

262
Q

pilli

A

hair

263
Q

hair bulb/papilla

A

nutrient source, site of hair growth, melanocytes

264
Q

hair root

A

remainder of hair in follicle

265
Q

hair shaft

A

portion of hair that extends beyond skin surface

266
Q

hair follicle

A

tube that surrounds hair, concentric layers

267
Q

lanugo

A

fine, unpigmented, downy hair

268
Q

velum hair

A

fine, pigmented hair that replaces lanugo hair; primary human hair
arms, legs

269
Q

terminal hair

A

course pigmented hair
scalp, facial hair, pubic, armpit

270
Q

melanin synthesized in…

A

matrix

271
Q

anagen

A

growing phase

272
Q

catagen

A

resting phase

273
Q

telogen

A

shedding phase

274
Q

new hair growth begins inside…

A

follicle, internal to older hair, which is pushed ahead and eventually falls from follicle

275
Q

alopecia

A

hair thinning, hair follicle stops producing hair, occurs in both sexes usually as a result of aging, sometimes stress

276
Q

male pattern baldness

A

hair lost from select regions of scalp, due to testosterone

277
Q

diffuse hair loss

A

happens in women due to hormones, often in pregnancy

278
Q

hirutism

A

excessive hairiness

279
Q

fxns of hair

A

protection, heat retention, facial expression, sensory reception, visual identification, chemical signal dispersal

280
Q

sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A

produce watery secretion which performs many fxns

281
Q

sweat gland secretory unit contains…

A

myoepithelial cells

282
Q

types of sweat glands

A

apocrine, merocrine (eccrine)

283
Q

fxns of merocrine sweat gland

A

thermoregulation, secretion, protection

284
Q

apocrine sweat glands are localized to…

A

axillary, anal, pubic areas, turns on at puberty

285
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

cause secretory unit to be squished and push secretion into duct

286
Q

merocrine sweat glands contain … cells

A

simple cuboidal

287
Q

sebaceous gland mode of secretion

A

holocrine

288
Q

sebaceous glands secrete…

A

sebum

289
Q

sebum

A

oily waxy secretory product that acts like a lubricant for skin and hair, preventing it from becoming dry, brittle, cracked, bactericidal properties

290
Q

sebaceous glands become active at…

A

puberty

291
Q

pilosebaceous unit

A

hair follicle, sebaceous gland, hair shaft

292
Q

ceruminous glands

A

modified sweat glands located in ear canal
produce cerumen (earwax)

293
Q

mammary glands

A

modified apocrine sweat glands
secrete milk

294
Q

tissue repair occurs via…

A

regeneration, restores organ function

295
Q

if damage is severe…

A

scar tissue (fibrosis) forms and fxn cannot be restored

296
Q

what forms scar tissue

A

fibroblasts

Anatomy (5 decks)

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