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Anatomy > nervous tissue > Flashcards

nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

3 fxns of nervous system

A
  1. collect info in pns, send to cns
  2. process and evaluate info
  3. cns responds, pns carries commands to effectors
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2
Q

somatic sensory

A

sensory inout that is consciously perceived from receptors
ex: eyes ears skin

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3
Q

visceral sensory

A

sensory input that is not consciously perceived from receptors of blood vessels and internal organs
ex: heart

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4
Q

somatic motor

A

motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled
effector is skeletal muscle

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5
Q

autonomic motor

A

motor output that is not consciously or is involuntarily controlled; effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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6
Q

neurons

A

excitable cells that initiate and transmit nerve impulses

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7
Q

glial cells

A

nonexcitable cells that support and protect neurons

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8
Q

fxns of glial cells

A

protect and nourish neurons, provide an organized supporting framework for all nervous tissue

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9
Q

astrocytes

A

most abundant glial cells
versatile
regulate tissue fluid composition, structural framework, replacing damaged neurons, neuronal development, anchor neurons, exchange bw neurons and vasculature

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10
Q

astrocytosis

A

replacing damaged neurons

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11
Q

synaptic transmission

A

important in synapse maintenance, number of synapses, and may play a role in signaling
loss observed in neurological disorders/neurogenerative diseases

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12
Q

ependymal cells

A

epithelial, line cavities of brain and spinal cord, slender processes that branch out for communication, choroid plexus in association with nearby capillaries for CSF production

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13
Q

microglia

A

small cells with thorny processes that monitor health of nearby cells, transform into macrophage to protect CNS from invading microbes and dead neural tissue

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14
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

large cells with bulbous body and slender cytoplasmic processes that ensheathe axons (myelin sheath)

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15
Q

satellite cells

A

flattened cells arranged around neuron cell bodies in ganglia, separate cell bodies from interstitial fluid, control chemical environment, regulate exchange of nutrients and wastes between neuron and environment

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16
Q

ganglion

A

group if nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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17
Q

schwann cell

A

neurolemmocyte
form myelin sheath around axon in PNS, act as phagocyte to remove debris, peripheral nerve fiber regeneration

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18
Q

neuron special characteristics

A

high metabolic rates, extreme longevity, amitotic, PM site of electrical signaling

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19
Q

neuron cell body

A

soma
activity occurs here
has nissl bodies, golgi, neurotubules, neurofibrils, pigment inclusions

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20
Q

neurotubules

A

movement of substances

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21
Q

neurofibrils

A

intermediate filaments, help form myofibrils

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22
Q

dendrites

A

short branches that receive signals

23
Q

axon

A

arises from axon hillock, send signals to other cells

24
Q

anterograde movement

A

from soma to synaptic knobs (away)

25
Q

retrograde movement

A

from synaptic knobs to soma (toward)

26
Q

structural classifications of neurons

A

number of neuron processes
unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

27
Q

most common neuron type

A

multipolar

28
Q

functional classifications of neurons

A

direction of nerve impulse
sensory, motor, interneuron

29
Q

sensory neuron impulses move

A

toward CNS

30
Q

motor neuron impulses

A

from CNS to PNS

31
Q

interneuron

A

intermediate, typically multipolar, in CNS

32
Q

afferent transmission

A

info goes from PNS to CNS

33
Q

efferent transmission

A

info goes from CNS TO PNS

34
Q

unipolar neurons are generally involved in

A

sensation

35
Q

bipolar neurons are generally involved in

A

sensation in special senses

36
Q

myelination fxn

A

produces faster nerve impulse conduction

37
Q

myelin

A

lipid-protein composite, support protect and insulate axon
formed by schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

38
Q

saltatory conduction

A

node jumping

39
Q

why is myelination only on axon and not on dendrites or soma?

A

dendrites and soma need the surface area for better communication

40
Q

unmyelinated axons observe

A

continuous conduction, but are slower

41
Q

synapse

A

specialized jxn where nerve impulse is transmitted

42
Q

no synapses are found where … is present

A

myelination

43
Q

electrical synapses

A

gap jxns formed by connexons, no delay

44
Q

chemical synapses

A

most numerous, use neurotransmitter, synaptic delay

45
Q

functional syncytium

A

group of cells working as a single unit

46
Q

rate of nerve impulse conduction can only be influenced by 2 factors

A
  1. axon’s diameter
  2. presence/absence of myelin sheath
47
Q

nervous system coordinates and integrates nervous activity because neurons are organized into complex patterns called…

A

neuronal circuits

48
Q

4 types of circuits

A

converging, diverging, reverberating, parallel-after discharge

49
Q

pns regeneration of axons

A
  1. amount of damage
  2. secretion of nerve growth factors
  3. distance between site of damage and effector organ
50
Q

cns regeneration of axons

A

very limited due to
1. no release of nerve growth factors
2. high cellular density tends to complicate regrowth
3. both astrocytes and CT coverings may form scar tissue, obstructs axon regrowth

51
Q

nerve

A

cablelike bundle of parallel axons in the pns

52
Q

tract

A

term for nerve in the cns

53
Q

nerves are surrounded by 3 consecutive ct wrappings

A

endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium

54
Q

classification of nerves

A

direction of transmission
sensory, motor, and mixed

Anatomy (5 decks)

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