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Anatomy > skeletal > Flashcards

skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

the skeleton

A

composite structure of bone, cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues to stabilize and connect bones

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2
Q

cartilage

A

semi rigid CT

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3
Q

3 major fxns of cartilage

A

support soft tissue, gliding surface for articulations, model for bone formation

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4
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

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5
Q

chondroblasts

A

make cartilage

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6
Q

chondrocyte

A

mature cartilage cell that maintains matrix and tissues overall health and viability

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7
Q

hyaline cartilage fxn

A

support, flexibility

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8
Q

fibrocartilage fxn

A

tensile strength due to parallel thick collagen fibers

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9
Q

elastic cartilage fxn

A

flexibility and support

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10
Q

most abundant cartilage

A

hyaline

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11
Q

cartilages that contain perichondrium

A

hyaline and elastic

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12
Q

interstitial growth

A

growth from within

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13
Q

appositional growth

A

growth along periphery or outside edge

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14
Q

type of growth that occurs during embryonic development

A

interstitial and appositional

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15
Q

bone is primarily composed of … tissue

A

osseous

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16
Q

fxns of bone

A

support and protection, movement, blood cell formation, storage of calcium and energy (fat)

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17
Q

long bones

A

longer than wide

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18
Q

short bones

A

length and width similar
sesamoid bone

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19
Q

flat bones

A

thin, usually curved

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20
Q

irregular bones

A

elaborate, complex shape

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21
Q

condyle

A

large smooth rounded oval surface

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22
Q

facet

A

small flat shallow surface

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23
Q

head

A

prominent rounded epiphysis

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24
Q

trochlea

A

smooth grooved pulley like process

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25
Q

alveolus

A

deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible

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26
Q

fossa

A

flattened or shallow depression

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27
Q

sulcus

A

narrow groove

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28
Q

crest

A

narrow prominent ridgelike projection

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29
Q

epicondyle

A

projection adjacent to a condyle

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30
Q

line

A

low ridge

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31
Q

process

A

any marked bony prominence

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32
Q

ramus

A

angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure

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33
Q

spine

A

pointed slender process

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34
Q

trochanter

A

massive rough projection found only on the femur

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35
Q

tubercle

A

small round projection

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36
Q

tuberosity

A

large rough projection

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37
Q

canal

A

passage way through a bone

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38
Q

fissure

A

narrow slit like opening through a bone

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39
Q

foramen

A

rounded passageway through a bone

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40
Q

meatus

A

passageway through a bone

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41
Q

sinus

A

cavity or hollow space in a bone

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42
Q

diaphysis

A

leverage

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43
Q

epiphysis

A

strengthen joints, SA for attachment

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44
Q

metaphysis

A

epiphyseal line or epiphyseal growth plate, depending on age, site of growth (length)

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45
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage without perichondrium

46
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow part of diaphysis that contains red and yellow marrow cavity, vasculature, innervation

47
Q

endosteum

A

connective tissue on inside of bone that contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

48
Q

periosteum

A

dense irregular connective tissue on outside of bone
cellular inner layer and fibrous outer layer
protects and insulates bone, anchors vessels and nerves, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts

49
Q

perforating fibers

A

arise from periosteum and help anchor periosteum to diaphysis, meets articular cartilage on each side

50
Q

osteoprogenitor cells are derived from

A

mesenchyme

51
Q

cells involved in bone resorption

A

osteoclasts

52
Q

osteoblasts

A

secrete HCl which dissolves calcium and phosphate which goes into canaliculi and is eventually picked up by lymph and blood

53
Q

osteoclasts

A

have lysosomes which secrete enzymes that dissolve the organic component of matrix, use acid snd digestive enzymes to degrade bone

54
Q

inorganic components of bones

A

ca, k, na, mg, carbonate, phosphate
hydroxyapatites

55
Q

osteon fxn

A

strength, protection against twisting/torque

56
Q

fxn of spongy bone

A

cross bracing, reduce weight, support and protect marrow

57
Q

ossification of bony skeleton begins at around…

A

8 weeks of development

58
Q

ossificstion in adults is used for…

A

remodeling and repair

59
Q

osteogenesis

A

physical process of bone formation

60
Q

ossification

A

replacing other tissue with bone

61
Q

calcification

A

deposition of calcium salts

62
Q

dermal ossification

A

process by which bone develops within a mesenchymal or fibrous CT

63
Q

primary bone

A

aka woven bone
formed first in dermal ossification
immature and not well organized

64
Q

secondary bone

A

aka lamellar bone
compact and spongy bone
periosteum formed

65
Q

short bone ossification centers

A

only has primary ossification centers

66
Q

irregular bones ossification centers

A

only have primary ossification centers but in many different places

67
Q

long bone ossification centers

A

primary and secondary ossification centers

68
Q

zone 1 of interstitial growth

A

healthy normal hyaline cartilage, secure epiphysis to epiphyseal plate

69
Q

zone 2 of interstitial growth

A

growth in size and numbers, arrange in longitudinal columns, lacunae flatten

70
Q

zone 3 of interstitial growth

A

increase in size but stop proliferating, lacunae thinning out, pushes epiphyseal end away from epiphyseal growth plate

71
Q

zone 4 of interstitial growth

A

calcification, minerals are deposited in the matrix column between cells, cut down nutrient flow, chondrocytes die

72
Q

zone 5 of interstitial growth

A

walls of lacunae break down, form longitudinal columns/channels which are invaded by capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells, lay down bone matrix on calcified columns, use matrix as template

73
Q

prior to and throughout puberty bone undergoes

A

bone formation more than resorption

74
Q

in mature adults bones undergo

A

resorption more than bone formation

75
Q

appositional growth occurs within … and along …

A

periosteum, medullary cavity

76
Q

bone remodeling is stimulated by

A

stress

77
Q

bone remodeling occurs at … and … surfaces

A

periosteal, endosteal

78
Q

bone is a … organ

A

mechanosensitive

79
Q

mechanosensitive

A

alters structure to suit its mechanical environment

80
Q

mechanotransduction

A

process by which physical forces are converted into biochemical signals which are integrated into cellular responses

81
Q

vessels and nerves in bone enter through…

A

periosteum

82
Q

nutrient vessels

A

supply diaphysis and enter central canals of osteons within compact bone and marrow cavity

83
Q

metaphyseal vessels

A

supply diaphysial side of epiphyseal plate

84
Q

epiphyseal vessels

A

supply epiphysis

85
Q

periosteal vessels

A

supply superficial osteons within compact bone at external ends of shaft, enter perforating canals within shaft

86
Q

nerves enter bone accompanying blood vessels through the…

A

nutrient foramen

87
Q

growth hormone

A

stimulate liver somatomedins that directly stimulate cartilage growth at epiphyseal plate

88
Q

thyroid hormone

A

influences the basal metabolic rate of bone cells

89
Q

calcitonin (CT)

A

encourages Ca deposition into bone; depresses osteoclast activity

90
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

stimulates osteoclast activity to resorb bone

91
Q

sex hormones

A

dramatically accelerate bone growth, stimulate osteoblasts at epiphyseal plate, signals EP closure at puberty

92
Q

glucorticoids

A

normal levels no effect but if chronically high, increase bone resorption

93
Q

vitamin A

A

activates osteoblasts

94
Q

vitamin C

A

required for normal cartilage synthesis

95
Q

vitamin D

A

stimulates absorption and transport of Ca and P ions into blood

96
Q

bone gains strength in response to … due to increase in …

A

mechanical stress, amount of mineral salt deposition and collagen fibers synthesized

97
Q

fracture repair steps

A
  1. blood clot
  2. soft callus forms
  3. hard callus forms from osteoblasts laying primary bone
  4. osteoclasts remove excess bony material and compact bones replace primary bone
98
Q

potts fracture

A

ankle, both bones of leg

99
Q

comminuted fracture

A

shatter into multitude of bony fragments

100
Q

transverse fractures

A

break across long axis of shaft (across width)

101
Q

spiral fractures

A

from twisting stresses, spread along the length of the bone

102
Q

displaced fractures

A

produce new and abnormal bone arrangements

103
Q

nondisplaced fractures

A

retain normal alignment of the bones of fragments

104
Q

colles fracture

A

break in the distal portion if the radius, typically from reaching out to cushion a fall

105
Q

greenstick fracture

A

only one side of shaft is broken and the other side is bent, typically occurs in children

106
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying

107
Q

compression fracture

A

vertebrae subject to extreme stresses such as landing on butt

108
Q

aging affects bones in 2 ways:

A

tensile strength decreases, loss of Ca and other minerals

109
Q

osteopenia

A

bone mineral density is lower than normal peak bmd, but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis

110
Q

pagets disease

A

old bone breakdown > new bone synthesis, body responds by making bone faster, but weaker softer bone

Anatomy (5 decks)

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