Unification of Italy Flashcards
What was the Congress of Vienna?
A meeting of the great powers following the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte
What was the concept of Risorgimento?
National uprisings which come from the Italian people
What is a federation?
Where all states of the Italian peninsula could join together with common leadership but still retain some state freedoms.
What is reactionary?
Returning to the ways of the past. Linked with conservative restored monarchs.
If someone was a progressive what would they favour?
Liberal ideas, change and reform
What is liberalism?
Liberalism is a political philosophy founded on ideas of liberty and equality.
What is the definition of unification?
Turing a group of separate states into a single country
What would a radical do?
Use extreme methods in order to make political gains
What were Jesuits?
Extreme catholics
What does Papal describe?
Something relating to the pope
What do Republicans want to get rid of?
A monarch
What is a constitutional monarchy?
Where a monarchy’s role remains but they become accountable to the people.
What does the political concept of conservatism entail?
Believing in traditions and being resistant to change
What is Nationalism?
Having a strong love for your country, which you want to be free from foreign rule.
Following Napoleon’s defeat where did the major powers meet?
Congress of Vienna
What word describes those who favour reform and liberalism?
Progressives
When did the congress of Vienna restore reactionary monarchs to Italian states?
1815
When was the revolution in Naples?
1820
When was the revolution in Sicily?
1821
When was the revolution in Piedmont?
1821
When was the revolution in Modena?
1831
When was the revolution in Parma?
1831
When was the revolution in the Papal States?
1831
In what year was pope Pius XI elected?
1846
When did grain shortages start?
1846
In what year did Charles Albert issue the Statuto?
1847
In what year did the revolutions begin?
1848
What happened in Naples in 1820?
Revolutions
What began in 1846?
Grain shortages
Who issued the Statuto?
Charles Albert
What began in 1848?
Revolutions
What were the 4 different types of state rulers?
- Kings
- Popes
- Dukes
- Viceroys
Who ruled the Northern states of Lombardy?
Viceroys of Austria
When did France gain control of Nice and Savoy?
1792
What did France gain control of in 1792?
Nice and Savoy
When did Napoleon gain Lombardy?
1796
Who did Napoleon defeat to gain Lombardy?
Austrians
What did Napoleon gain in 1796?
Lombardy
When did Napoleon crown himself King of Italy?
1805
When did Napoleon split the country into 4 states?
1798
What was the purpose of splitting the country into 4 different states?
“An attempt to simply the boundaries”
How did Napoleon further simplify Italy in 1810?
Split it into 3 parts
In what year was Italy split further into 3 parts?
1810
How were Napoleon’s 3 parts distributed?
⅓ given to France
⅓ became known as the kingdom of Italy
⅓ became known as the kingdom of Naples but did not include Sicily which was controlled by Britain
After the congress of Vienna what happened to Tuscany?
It was returned to the control of the Austrian appointed leaders
After the congress of Vienna what did the Pope once again control?
The Papal States
Where was control of education handed back to the church after Napoleon left?
Piedmont
What percentage of taxes did Napoleon give to the military?
60%
What political concept increased under Napoleon?
Nationalism
In what year did King Emmanuel return to the throne of Piedmont?
1815
In what year did duke Francis IV return to the throne of Modena?
1815 and attempted to return to a pre-napoleonic era
What does Zealots?
Collective Popes
Who returned as king of Naples in 1815?
King Ferdinand 1st
In Naples which two political groups joined together to call for new constitution?
Liberals and Radicals
What kind of person would be a liberal?
Non violent middle class
Name two secret societies
Carabinieri and Young Italy
Who was Metternich?
The Austrian chancellor
How many members did the Carbonari have?
60 000
What percentage of the male population were in Carbinari?
5%
What percentage of the Italian population were peasants/
over 90%
What did Risorgimento literally mean?
Resurgence
Name 5 causes of the 1820s revolutions:
1) Food Shortages
2) High taxation
3) Desire for a constitution
4) Disease
5) Suffering
Name 5 failures of the 1820s revolutions:
1) Only a very small minority were interested
2) Austrian intervention
3) No unity between groups
4) No leader
5) Most of the population want food not revolution
What percentage of the population were roman catholic?
Over 90%
What did the catholic church resist?
Change
What did the catholic church’s resistance of change make them?
Conservative
What phrase best describes the peasant’s political orientation?
Politically Apathetic
When did roman catholicism regain its influence?
1815
What was a key disagreement within the nationalists?
The extent to which the Italian peninsula should be unified
What did Carbonari fight to gain?
Constitutions and more rights from the monarchs
Where did the Federati and Aldelfi operate?
Mainly in the North of Italy
Who led the Federati?
Federico Confalonieri
What did the Federati rename itself to in 1818?
Society of the Sublime Perfect Masters
Who was the head of the Aldefi?
Filippo Buonarroti
What was an disadvantage of them being secret?
They could not communicate openly or use propaganda
To whom did the Carbonari swear their allegiance to?
Their leaders
In what era did writer Cicero talk of Italy as one nation?
3rd Century BC (Romans)
Whose ideas greatly influenced the writers of Risorgimento 500 years later?
Dante Alighieri (Dante)
Who wrote Della Tirranide?
Vitorio Alfieri
Who wrote the partriotic “William Tell”
Rossini
What journal spread national identity in Tuscany?
Antologia
In 1871 only how many of 27 million spoke Italian?
630 000
In 1871 what percentage of Italian spoke Italian?
2.3%
Name a notable poet of Risorgimento:
Giacomo Leopardi
Between which two years did the congress of science meet?
1838-1847
What fact disproves the concept of risorgemento?
Before 1848 Italians were nowhere near ready to make their own destiny
What two industries was in example of Italian growth after 1830?
Wine in chianti and the cheese industry in gorgonzola
In the 1840s what was the life expectancy in Naples?
Just 24
In what year did Mazzini become revolutionary?
1821
In what year did Mazzini go to prison?
1830
In what year did Mazzini join the carabinari?
1827
Who did Mazzini want to lead the revolution?
“La Plebe” (think plebius latin -> the masses)
How many members were there in Young Italy?
50 000
What age did you have to be under in order to join Young Italy/
40
When did Young Italy attempt to invade Savoy?
1834
Where did a Young Italy revolt fail?
Genoa
In what year did Garibaldi support Mazzini?
1831
How did Mazzini isolate moderate liberals?
They viewed him as a dangerous radical
What did Mazzini’s attitude inhibit?
French Assistance
Why did Mazzini’s ideas isolate the masses?
Overly Intellectual
Where were Mazzini’s supports mostly from?
Privileged, educated backgrounds
How long was he absent from Italy from in total?
40 years: he became out of touch with the situation in Italy
What did the actions of Young Italy mostly end in?
Failure
Between which two years did Mazzini live in Switzerland and London?
1834 to 1849
What was not high on Mazzini’s agenda?
Socioeconomic hardships, faced by the majority
