Unicellular, Colonial and Multicellular Organisms + Structure and Function of Tissues, Organs and Systems + The Hierarchy of Structure in Organisms

Answer 1

An organism consisting of one cell, and perform all functions essential to life by
themselves

Answer 2

All prokaryotes as unicellular, and unicellular eukaryotes are protists.

Answer 3

archaea, bacteria and protists

Question 4

unicellular cons

Answer 4

• can’t share work, so low operational efficiency
• simple cell and organelle structures, not overly specialised because of the burden of all the metabolic functions it has to perform on its own
• need a functioning cell membrane because their entire world is inside, and outside they are exposed to the external environment
• cells cannot be too large, otherwise it will mess up the ability and speed of waste removal and transport of nutrients

Question 5

organelles always found in unicellular organisms

Answer 5

• genome containing genetic information
• ribosomes for protein production

Answer 6

• A group of single-cell organisms living together, but each carrying out their
  own individual processes. Thye can live alone, but choose not to

Question 7

colonial flagellate hypothesis (matrix education)

Answer 7

colonial organisms are the step between unicellular and multicellular

Question 8

pros of colonial organism

Answer 8

physical proximity allows effective nutrient distribution

Question 9

biofilm

Answer 9

a structure of colonial microorganisms that often contain multiple species

Question 10

biofilm pros

Answer 10

allows the organisms to do things as a group they couldn’t do alone

Answer 11

Facultative colonies are independent organisms that aggregate together
to form social structures that increase the chance of survival.

Answer 12

Obligate colonies are dependent organisms called zooids that carry out
specific functions for survival and reproduction.

Answer 13

Think of it like each unicellular organisms in the colony is just renting out an apartment with their group of friends because it’s cheaper and safer to live with other people.

Answer 14

Colonial organims have evolved
to realise this, as they have safety in numbers, and different processes performed by
different members can help other members.

Answer 15

• Made of eukaryotic cells that can’t live without each other, as they
  are specialised. They also communicate with each other, and have the same DNA
  except for reproductive cells.

Question 16

advantages of multiple cells

Answer 16

Energy efficient
Longer lifespans
Reproduction increases genetic diversity
Less vulnerable to short term changes in environment
Grow significantly larger
More mobile and efficient at finding resources
Perform more functions

Question 17

disadvantages of multiple cells

Answer 17

More energy is required
Cells cannot function independently
More energy is required for reproduction
Take longer to evolve to long term changes in environment

Question 18

cell differentiation

Answer 18

the process by which a less specialised cell changes to become a specialised type of cell. they become different to their parent cells because they develop suitable structural features that allow them to carry out their specific functions. This makes them different to other cells

Question 19

cell differentiation example

Answer 19

For example, the process of a blood stem cell differentiating to become a red blood cell

Question 20

cell specialisation

Answer 20

the specific function a cell has, which is determined by its physiology and cellular structures which it develops especially to do this one specific job.

Answer 21

Cell differentiation occurs because of gene expression

Answer 22

specialised cells come from stem cells,

Answer 23

stem cells are undifferentiated cells taht can divide repeatedly

Question 24

differentiation vs specialisation

Answer 24

differentiation is the PROCESS that makes the unspecialised/less specialised cell become specialised, while specialisation is the final FORM the cell takes and the function of the cell after

Answer 25

specialised cells can not survive independently, they rely on other cells in the organisms to carry out functions they can’t. Because of how much they nee deach other, communication between the different types of specialised cells are super important

Question 26

How do different types of specialised cells in humans communicate

Answer 26

through the bloodstream and nervous system

Question 27

how do different specialised cells in plants communicate

Answer 27

through physical and chemical contact between cels

Question 28

cell specialisation example

Answer 28

For example, red blood cells are specialised with haemoglobin proteins to carry oxygen and a biconcave shape to efficiently carry oxygen

Question 29

pros of specialised cells

Answer 29

organisms can grow larger while still efficiently carrying out process

Answer 30

organisms that begin as embryos start with embryonic stem cells , that differentiate into different types of specialised cells to perform a specific function

Question 31

two types of stem cells

Answer 31

• embryonic, only available while an organism is still a baby embryo
• adult stem cells, found around the body (like in bone marrow)

Question 32

adult stem cells

Answer 32

differentiate and replenish stocks of blood cells or dying or damaged cells

Answer 33

cells are more efficient and effective when they only have 1 job to do

Answer 34

it is important that cells re specialised, so that they can form a variety of complex and necessary tissues

Question 35

effect of flattened long cell structure

Answer 35

• higher surface area: volume ratio → makes exchange through the cell membrane more efficient

Question 36

example of flattened, elongated cell

Answer 36

the squamous cells lining the longs

Question 37

red blood cell structure

Answer 37

• very small size
• biconcave shape (indents on both sides)
• don’t have a nucleus

Question 38

red blood cell function

Answer 38

carries oxygen around the body through hemoglobin

Question 39

red blood cells structure and function

Answer 39

structure:
- very small size and biconcave shape (indents on both sides) → increases surface area: volume ratio for faster diffusion of oxygen
- small size also lets the cell to travel through very small capillaries to deliver oxygen
- red blood cells don’t have a nucleus → more space for hemoglobin, which means it can then bind more oxygen

Answer 40

tissues are COLLECTIONS of specialised cells, which work together to do one job

Question 41

examples of animal tissues

Answer 41

• muscle tissues
• nervous tissue
• epithelial tissue
• com
• connective tissue

Question 42

muscle tissue structure and composition

Answer 42

• Muscle tissue makes up muscles
• They contain muscles cells called muscle fibres
• contain the proteins actin and myosin

Question 43

types of muscle tissue

Answer 43

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Question 44

muscle tissue function

Answer 44

• to allow the body to move and perform specific contractions (such as oesophagus peristalsis)

Question 45

myocytes

Answer 45

long cells with specialised cytoskeletons

Question 46

muscle tissue structure and function

Answer 46

• made of myocytes (long cells with specialised cytoskeleton) that are specialised to be able to shorten and contract → so can contract and relax to allow muscles to move

Question 47

nervous tissue structure

Answer 47

• makes up the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves of the nervous system
• is made of neurons (with structural features like dendrites, axon and synapses) and glial cells

Question 48

neurons

Answer 48

cells with dendrites, axons and synapses that process and communicate information through electrochemical signals

Question 49

types of neurons

Answer 49

sensory, motor and interneuron

Question 50

nervous system function

Answer 50

specialised in processing and communicate information through electrochemical signals to all parts of the body