Cloning (whole organism and gene) Flashcards
What is cloning?
the process of forming an exact copy
What are the two types of cloning?
- Gene Cloning
- Whole organism
What is gene cloning?
producing identical copies of one gene
When would gene cloning be useful?
for genetic engineering and biotechnological research, where multiple copies of a gene are needed
What is another name for whole organism cloning?
reproductive cloning
What is whole organism cloning?
creating a genetically identical (whole) organism, using a somatic cell/cells from another mature organisms
What is the difference between gene cloning and whole organism cloning?
gene cloning occurs on a cellular level, and involves just one gene being copied. Whole organism cloning involves copying an entire organism
Why is whole organism cloning considered to be reproductive technology?
because it is technically a form of asexual reproduction
What is the basic process of gene cloning?
scientists select a gene, remove it from the source DNA and insert it into the DNA of
another organism, to make identical copies of that gene.
What’s one medical application of gene cloning?
the large scale production of insulin
What is step (1) of gene cloning?
The gene (section of DNA) is cut from the source organism using restriction enzymes (enzymes
produced by bacteria).
What is step (2) of gene cloning?
The gene is pasted into a vector DNA or plasmid by a process known as ligation (ligase enzymes are
used to join fragments of DNA).
WHat is step (3) of gene cloning?
The plasmid containing the gene is introduced to a host cell by a process called transformation.
What is step (4) of gene cloning?
The host cell can now make copies of the vector DNA when it makes copies of its own DNA
What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase chain reaction
PCR is a form of…
in vitro DNA cloning
What does in vitro mean?
carried out in a test tube rather
than a living organism
What does PCR do?
It amplifies
a particular DNA sequence and makes multiple copies by a process of thermal (heat) cycling that denatures the DNA strand and then uses
complementary primers that locate and duplicate the required section of DNA
What are the names of the three steps of PCR?
- Denaturing
- Annealing
- Extension
Wat is the temperature of denaturing in PCR?
95 degrees Celsius
What is the temperature fo annealing in PCR?
55 degrees Celsius
What is the temperature of extension in PCR?
72 degrees Celsius
What happens in denaturing?
the strands separate
What happens in annealing?
primers bind to the template DNA strand
What happens in extension?
a new strand of DNA is synthesised to complete two whole strands of DNA
Dolly is?
a sheep, the first mammal to be artificially cloned from an adult cell
Dolly was cloned from what kind of cells?
the udder cells of a 6 year old sheep
What method of whole organism cloning can technically occur naturally?
embryo twinning
Which clones of what origin do not ever occur in nature?
clones from adult cells (living or deceased)
What are two issues with whole organism cloning?
- very low success rate
- very expensive
What other animals have been cloned after Dolly?
Tetra, a rhesus macaque (monkey) by embryo splitting
- Prometea a horse
What industry is cloning used the most?
agriculture
What is a real (animal and plant) example of where and how whole organism cloning is used in agriculture?
- beef from cloned cattle is available in supermarkets in Japan
- seedless grapes, available worldwide) are a product of animal cloning
