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Research Methods in Counseling > Understanding Statistics > Flashcards

Understanding Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

summarizes data so they an easily be understood

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2
Q

frequency distribution

A

how data is distributed

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3
Q

frequencies

A

example of descriptive statistic

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4
Q

percentages

A

describe how many per hundred

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5
Q

sampling errors

A

possibility that a sample does not accurately reflect the population

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6
Q

Inferential statistics

A

help researchers make generalizations about the characteristics of populations from the study

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7
Q

margin of error

A

inferential statistic estimating possible sample error

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8
Q

significance tests

A
  1. family of inferential statistics which help decide whether differences in descriptive statistics are reliable
  2. determine the probability that the null hypothesis is true
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9
Q

parameters

A

values from a census

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10
Q

statistics

A

for values from studies in which samples were examined

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11
Q

samples yield…

A

statistics

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12
Q

populations yield…

A

parameters

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13
Q

Null hypothesis

A

the observed difference was created by sampling error

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14
Q

probability symbol

A

p

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15
Q

statistically significant

A

when the researcher rejects the null hypothesis

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16
Q

Scales of Measurement

A
  1. Nominal
  2. Ordinal
  3. Interva
  4. Ratio
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17
Q

Nominal

A
  1. naming

2. words

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18
Q

Ordinal

A
  1. ordering

2. ranking

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19
Q

Interval

A
  1. measures the amount of difference
  2. equal distance between
  3. no absolute zero
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20
Q

Ratio

A
  1. equal interval

2. absolute zero

21
Q

Frequencies symbol

A

f

22
Q

number of cases symbol

A

N

23
Q

univariate analysis

A

analyzing how participants vary on only one variable

24
Q

bivariate analysis

A

relationship between two nominal variables

25
Q

chi-square

A
  1. usual test of the null hypothesis for differences between frequencies
  2. x2
26
Q

degrees of freedom

A
  1. df

2. not descriptive statistics

27
Q

Type I Error

A

rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact a correct hypothesis

28
Q

Type II Error

A

failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is in fact an incorrect hypothesis

29
Q

Frequency Polygon

A

using data from a frequency distribution to construct a graph

30
Q

Normal curve

A

smooth, bell-shaped curve

31
Q

skewed distributions

A

a distribution that has a tail to one side

32
Q

positive skew

A

tail to the right

33
Q

negative skew

A

tail to the left

34
Q

mean

A
  1. balance point in a distribution

2. average calculation

35
Q

median

A
  1. middle score
36
Q

mode

A

most frequently occurring score

37
Q

synonym of averages

A

measures of central tendency

38
Q

Standard deviation

A
  1. S or SD

2. variability

39
Q

variability

A

amount by which participants differ from each other

40
Q

range

A

highest score minus the lowest score

41
Q

Pearson Correlation Coefficient

A
  1. most widely used coefficient
  2. r
  3. Pearson r
42
Q

direct relationship

A
  1. positive relationship

2. both variables are either high or low

43
Q

inverse relationship

A
  1. negative relationship

2. one variable is high and one variable is low

44
Q

coefficient of determination

A
  1. r2

2. needed to represent correlation in perms of percentages

45
Q

t test

A

used to test the null hypothesis regarding the observed difference between two means

46
Q

ANOVA

A

analysis of variance

47
Q

one-way ANOVA

A

single-factor ANOVA

48
Q

Five Considerations in Practical Significance

A
  1. cost-benefit analysis
  2. crucial difference
  3. client acceptability
  4. public and political acceptability
  5. ethical and legal implications

Research Methods in Counseling (8 decks)

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