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Research Methods in Counseling > Intro to Research Methods > Flashcards

Intro to Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Empirical Approach

A

use of observations in collecting data

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2
Q

Four Keys to Empirical Approach

A
  1. Why
  2. Whom
  3. How
  4. When
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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

statement of expected results (why)

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4
Q

population

A

(whom) to observe
a. entire population
b. sample of population

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5
Q

measures

A
  1. objective tests
  2. interviews
  3. direct observations of behavior
    (how)
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6
Q

Timing

A

(when)

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7
Q

data

A

observations made by researchers resulting in either numbers or words

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8
Q

Qualitative Research

A

interview data described in a narrative that points out themes and trends

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9
Q

Experimental research

A

give treatments and observe if they cause changes in behavior

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10
Q

Random assignment

A

gives each participant an equal chance of being in either group

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11
Q

Classic simple experiment

A

researcher forms two groups and gives each group a different treatment

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12
Q

Experimental group

A

group receiving treatment

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13
Q

control group

A

group receiving no treatment

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14
Q

true experiment

A

participants divided at random

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15
Q

Non-experimental studies

A
  1. no treatments given

2. only observations of participants as they naturally exist

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16
Q

Most common type of non experimental study

A

survey or poll

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17
Q

survey or poll types

A
  1. interviews

2. questions

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18
Q

Attributes observed in survey studies

A
  1. attitudes
  2. beliefs
  3. behaviors
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19
Q

What is the purpose of an experiment?

A

to explore cause and effect relationships (i.e. treatments are given to see how they affect the participants)

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20
Q

demographics

A

background characteristics such as socioeconomic status

21
Q

causal-comparative study

A

ex post facto study

22
Q

Causal-Comparative Study Essential Characteristics

A
  1. observe and describe a current condition

2. look into the past to try to identify the possible causes of the condition

23
Q

Best study to explore causality?

A

causal-comparative

24
Q

Causal-Comparative Research

A

look into the past for a cause of a current condition

25
Q

Census

A

interview of all members of a population

26
Q

case study

A

study involving only one participant

27
Q

longitudinal research

A

repeatedly measure traits of the participants over a period of time in order to trace developmental trends

28
Q

correlational research

A

interested in the degree of relationship among two or more quantitative variables

29
Q

quantitative research

A

gather numerical data for statistical analysis

30
Q

Qualitative research

A

gather data to be analyzed through informed judgment to identify major and minor themes expressed by participants.

31
Q

Historical research

A

by reviewing historical evidence, researchers are able to develop theories that may explain historical events and patterns and then lead to hypotheses

32
Q

variable

A

a trait or characteristic with two or more categories

33
Q

Mutually exclusive categories

A

each respondent to a survey belongs to only one category

34
Q

exhaustive category

A

a variable must have a category for each respondent’s opinion

35
Q

categorical variables

A

naming variables

36
Q

Independent variable

A

stimulus or input that causes changes; predictor

37
Q

dependent variable

A

response or output; criterion

38
Q

research hypothesis

A

prediction of the outcome of a study

39
Q

directional hypotheses

A

researchers predict which group will be higher or have more of some attribute

40
Q

nondirectional hypothesis

A

researcher says there will be a difference but does not predict the direction of the difference

41
Q

Two options for a nondirectional hypothesis:

A
  1. research purpose

2. research question

42
Q

Null hypothesis

A
  1. statistical hypothesis

2. needs to be considered in analysis

43
Q

Conceptual definitions

A

does not indicate a precise concrete physical steps taken to identify the variable

44
Q

operational definition

A

defining a variable in terms of physical steps

45
Q

replication

A

attempt to confirm the results of a study by conducting it again

46
Q

Program Evaluation

A

report on the implementation and effectiveness of the program being funded

47
Q

Four components of Program Evaluation

A
  1. applied research
  2. needs assessment
  3. formative evaluation
  4. summative evaluation
48
Q

theory

A

unified explanation for discrete observations that might otherwise be viewed as unrelated or contradictory

49
Q

Grounded Theory

A
  1. in qualitative research
  2. inductive
  3. grounded in observations
  4. evolutionary
  5. regularly revised during observations

Research Methods in Counseling (8 decks)

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