Understanding Personality, The Self, SOGIE 101 Flashcards
Best asset, helps shape life, can limit or expand to your options and choices in life
Personality
Personality sums up everything about yourself - your:
Likes and dislikes, fears and virtues, strengths and weaknesses
Latin word of personality which refers to a mask used by actors in a play
Persona
Persona came to refer to __________
Outward appearance
Assume that personality is relatively stable and predictable
Enduring characteristics
May also include the idea of human uniqueness
Unique characteristics
Refers to a person’s unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions
Personality
Personality is an interaction between _____ and _____
Biology, environment
Suggested by genetic studies
Heritability of personality
Suggested by other studies
Components of personality
Limited the experimental method, studied only those mental processes that might be affected by some external stimulus that could be manipulated and controlled by the experimenter
Wilhelm Wundt and the Study of Consciousness
To focus on the tangible aspects of human nature; mechanistic picture of human being
John B. Watson and the Study of Behavior
Psychoanalysis, neopsychoanalysts, criticism
Sigmund Freud and the Study of the Unconscious
Interpretation to what patients told him about their feelings and past experiences, both actual and fantasized
Psychoanalysis
Focused on the whole person as he or she functions in the real world, not on elements of behavior of stimulus-response units
Neopsychoanalysts
Were speculative in work, relying more on inferences based on observations of their patients’ behavior than on the quantitative analysis
Criticism
Approaches in the study of personality formalized and systematized by Gordon Allport
Life-span approach, trait approach, humanistic approach, cognitive approach
Argues that personality continues to develop throughout the course of our life
Life-span approach
Contends that much of our personality is inherited
Trait approach
Emphasizes human strengths, virtues, aspirations, and the fulfillment of our potential
Humanistic approach
Deals with conscious mental activities
Cognitive approach
First comprehensive theory of personality
Psychoanalytic perspective
Founded the Psychodynamic Theory
Signmund Freud
Techniques used in psychoanalytic perspective:
Hypnosis, catharsis, dream-analysis, free-association, parapraxes
Everything we do and say, even by accident, has hidden meaning
Freudian slips or parapraxes
View personality as being primarily unconscious; emphasize that early experiences with parents play an important role in sculpting the individual’s personality
Psychodynamic perspective
Assumes that people can be compelled to do things without knowing the reason for their actions
Unconscious motivation
Unconscious motivation explains:
Nonverbal expressions, dreams, Freudian slips
It is unconscious and has no contact with reality; referred to by Freud as the true psychic reality; the original system of the personality; provides drive and direction of behavior
Id
Means sexual
Eros
Means death or aggression
Thantos
Principle that always seeks pleasure and avoids pain
Pleasure principle
The structure that deals with the demands of reality; abides by the reality principle; partly conscious
Ego
Ego houses higher mental functions:
Reasoning, problem solving, decision making
Moral branch of our personality; often referred as our “conscience”; represents the ideal rather than the reality
Superego
The development of an individual revolves around _________
Psychosexual concerns
The psychoanalytic defense mechanism that occurs when the individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage
Fixation
Freud believed that we go through _____ stages of personality development.
5
Are parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure-giving qualities at particular stages of development
Erogenous zones
Different parts of the body are used to fuel the id with pleasure; hence, energy source = _____
Libido
Birth to 1 1/2 years; gratification is gained by oral stimulation (breastfeeding)
Oral stage
1 1/2 to 3 years old; pleasure is gained by being able to control feces (potty-training)
Anal stage
3 to 6 years; oedipus complex for boys and electra complex for girls = awakening of sexuality
Phallic stage
When a male child wants to kill his father so he can have sex with his mother
Oedipus complex
Girls are jealous of their father because they don’t have a penis.
Electra complex
6 to 12 yo; pleasure is gained through same-sex peer friendships
Latency stage
12 + yo; pleasure is gained through sexual intercourse with non-relatives
Genital stage
Examples are nail biters, gum chewers, smokers, etc.; overly optimistic, dependent, and passive
Oral fixation
Excessive need for order, control, and neatness (modern day OCD)
Anal retentive
Emotionally volatile, unstable, spiteful and vindictive
Anal expulsive
Neo-Freudian of individual psychology
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian of analytical/depth psychology
Carl Jung
Neo-Freudian of feminine psychology
Karen Horney
“Healthy” rather than “Sick”; focused on uniquely human issues such as: the self, health, hope, love, creativity, nature, and individuality
Humanistic perspective
A strong belief in free will and conscious rational decision-making
Existentialism
Wrote his first book Counseling and Psychotherapy in 1942
Carl Rogers
People are basically good with actualizing tendencies; genuineness, acceptance, empathy
Roger’s Person-centered perspective
Central feature of personality
Self concept
Proposed the Self-actualization principle
Abraham Maslow
The process of fulfilling our potential
Self-Actualization (The Apex of the Hierarchy of Needs)
Considers the apparent stability and consistency of personality; basic personality dimensions
The Trait Approach: The Genetics of Personality
The building blocks of personality, or dispositions
Traits
Distinguished four types of people: happy, unhappy, temperamental, and apathetic
Hippocrates
A distinguishable personal characteristic or quality
Trait
The body types and personality characteristics
Somatotype Theory by William Sheldon
The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine characteristic behavior and thought
Personality
Growth is organized, not random
Dynamic organization
Personality is composed of mind and body functioning together as a unit
Psychophysical
Everything we think and do is characteristic, or typical, of us; unique
Characteristic behavior and thought
Provides the personality with raw materials (physique, intelligence, temperament)
Heredity
Responsible for the major portion of our uniqueness
Genetic background
Personality traits:
are real and exist within each of us, determine or cause behavior, can be demonstrated empirically, are interrelated, vary with the situation
Traits unique to a person and define his or her character
Individual traits (personal dispositions)
Shared by a number of people
Common traits
So pervasive and influential; “ruling passion”
Cardinal traits
Traits that describe our behavior
Central traits
Appear much less consistently than cardinal and central traits
Secondary traits
Derived a list of 16 primary or source traits
Raymond Cattell
Certain obvious personality traits; integrity, friendliness, and tidiness
Surface traits
Believed that there are only two major dimensions to personality (+ 1)
Hans Eysenck
Major dimensions to personality
Intraversion-extraversion, neuroticism-stability, psychoticism
Lahat ng mga pag-aaral, libro, at sikolohiyang makikita sa Pilipinas
Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
Lahat ng pag-aaral, pananaliksik, at mga konsepto sa sikolohiya na may kinalaman sa mga Filipino
Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino
Nilalayong anyo ng sikolohiya sa Pilipinas, sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan, at orentasyong Pilipino
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Father of Filipino psychology
Virgilio Enriquez
An orientation— an enduring worldview that links to the cultural heritage of indigenous Filipino people and their IKSP (Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices)
Kapwa psychology
Rooted in the history, language, arts, and common experience of a people of the Malay-Polynesian and Asian heritage
Sikolohiyang Filipino
A model regarding Filipino personhood and social interaction
Kapwa psychology
Examples are hiya, utang na loob, pakikisama and pakikipagkapwa
Accommodative surface values
Bahala na, lakas ng loob, pakikibaka
Confrontative surface values
Biro, tampo, lambing
Associated behavioral pattern
Pakikiramdam: shared inner perception; heightened awareness and sensitivity
Pivotal interpersonal value
Kagandahang-loob: shared humanity
Linking socio-personal value
Kapwa = togetherness; the “unity of the one-of-us-and-the-other”
Core value
Karangalan, katarunga, kalayaan
Societal values
External aspect of dignity
Puri
Internal aspect of dignity
Dangal
Totality of you: physical body but also your identity, others’ perceptions
Self
Individual’s beliefs about himself or herself; ideas about yourself
Self-concept
How you evaluate yourself; how you feel about your self-concept
Self-esteem
Who you are
Identity
Dimensions of self-concept
Physical, emotional, intellectual, functional
One’s general (overall) self-concept is an aggregate construct determined by judgments of self-concept in a number of domains
Self-concept model
Two categories of general self-concept
Academic self-concept, nonacademic self-concept
Stages in development of self
Self-awareness (infancy), self-recognition (18 months), self-definition (3-5 years), self-concept (6-7 years),
Infant learns physical self, different from environment.
Self-awareness (infancy)
If the basic needs are met, child has positive feelings of self.
Self-recognition (18 months)
Emphasize skills and abilities; think about self as physical body; child internalizes other people’s attitudes toward self
Self-definition (3-5 years)
Sense of competency and control continue to increase at 6-11 years; self-consciousness increases during teenage years
Self-concept (6-7 years)
Factors affecting self-concept
Altered health status, experience, developmental considerations, culture, internal and external resources, history of success and failure, crisis or life stressors, aging, illness, or trauma
Includes a person’s name, gender, ethnic identity, family status, occupation, and roles
Identity
An attitude about one’s physical attributes and characteristics, appearance, and performance
Body image
The judgment of personal performance compared with the self-ideal; derived from a sense of giving and receiving love, and being respected by others
Self-esteem
The perception of behavior based on personal standards and self-expectations; an internal regulator to support self-respect and self-esteem
Self-ideal
Refers to a set of expected behaviors determined by familial, cultural, and social norms
Role
Stressors affecting role performance
Role overload, role conflict
The selves you have yet to become
Actual self vs. ideal self vs. possible selves
Increased with age
Self-complexity
A sense of temporal-spatial continuity = you are the same person regardless of time and space
Ego-identity
Behavioral and personal repertoire that characterizes you and differentiates you from others
Personal identity
Occupying recognized roles, a niche within society
Social identity
A subjective sense of identity confusion; a behavioral and personality disarray; a lack of recognized roles
Identity crisis
Describes a person’s position in the development of an identity
Identity status
Refers to a person’s exploring of various options for a career and for personal values
Exploration
Involves making a decision about which identity path to follow and making a personal investment in attaining that identity
Commitment
Stages of self-worth development
Early childhood, mid-late childhood, adolescence, college age, adulthood
Cannot make meaningful judgments about self-worth
Early childhood
Begin to make meaningful judgments about self-worth; physical appearance and social acceptance are most important constructs of global self-worth
Mid-late childhood
Additional constructs emerge: friendship, romantic appeal, job competence
Adolescence
Global self-worth becomes a function of perceived self-worth in areas most important to the individual
College age
Additional major contributors to global self-worth: nurturance, house-hold management
Adulthood
Biological (chromosomal, anatomical, hormonal, physiological); assigned at birth
Sex
Psychological, social, cultural; not determined at birth; manifest in masculine or feminine behaviors at individual level
Gender
What women and men can do
Gender roles
How women and men relate to each other
Gender relations
How women and men perceive themselves
Gender identity
Gender ideology determines:
What is expected of us, what is allowed of us, what is valued in us
Why so many men and women seem to conform to society’s gender expectations
Gender socialization/socialization of person/gendering
A shaman or spiritual leader
Babaylan
Country that legalized same-sex marriages since 2005
Spain
Countries with lowest LGBT tolerance
Ghana (98%) and Russia (72%)
Percent of the population that can be defined as intersexuals
4%
Your innermost concept of self as male or female
Gender identity
A gender identity aligning with heir biological sex
Cisgender
How you demonstrate your gender through the ways you act, dress, behave, and interact
Gender expression
Determined by whom you are sexually (erotically) attracted; pattern of romantic attraction, sexual attraction, and commitment to monogamous romantic and sexual relationship
Sexual orientation
Women who identify with this category experience their sole or primary sexual and emotional attachments to other women; gay woman
Lesbian
Men who identify with this category experience their sole or primary sexual and emotional attachments to other men
Gay/Gay men
Are attracted to both men and women, and who are willing to enter into relationships on the basis of attraction to an individual person
Bisexuals
Women who are romantically and/or sexually attracted to men and vice versa
Straight/heterosexual
Experience a discrepancy between gender identity and the sex they were assigned at birth
Transsexuals
Live outside of dominant gender norms without seeking surgical intervention
Transgender
Old derogatory term, not normal
Homo
Departing from normative heterosexuality
Non-reproductive sexuality (Krafft-Ebing, 1900s)
Homosexuality as a biological anomaly
Sexual inversion (Freud, 1910)
Offensive term for “relationship”
“Homosexual relations/relationship/couple”
Preferred term for “sexual preference”
“Sexual orientation”
Offensive term for “Gay lifestyle/homosexual lifestyle”
“Gay lives/gay and lesbian lives”
Preferred term for “Special rights”
“Equal rights/protection”
Problematic term for “Sex change, pre-operative, post-operative”
“Transition”
An ideological system that denies and stigmatizes any non-heterosexual form of behavior, identity, relationship, or community (Herek, 1990)
Social marginzalization
Heterosexual bias in sexual customs and institutions
Cultural heterosexism (institutionalized homophobia)
Occupations/biological functions for which one needs to belong to one particular sex category
Sex roles
Conditions which are culturally regarded as feminine and masculine
Gender roles
Also prescribes what are appropriate masculine and feminine sexual roles and behaviors
Gender role socialization
Change over time; vary according to ethnic group, class, culture
Gender relations
Two kinds of gender relations
Personal and political
The gender roles that we have taken on to define who we are, what we do now and how we think of ourselves
Personal
Gender roles and norms are maintained and promoted by social institutions
Political
An over-generalized belief in the characteristics of a person based simply on their gender; rigidly held and oversimplified
Gender stereotypes
A necessary element of all social relations
Gender
Attributes different values and powers according to sexual identity
Gender organization
Institutions of mass gender socialization
Family - childrearing, formal education, mass media, religion, media
Handling boys and girls differently
Manipulation
People direct children’s attention for gender-appropriate objects
Canalization
Telling children what they are and what expectations others have of them
Verbal appellation
Familiarization with gender-appropriate tasks
Activity exposure
Child-rearing as a mechanism for socialization (gender tracking)
Family-childrearing
Differences in disciplining boys and girls; in terms of subjects offered
Formal education
Advertising uses images to convey or reinforce gender stereotypes; uses sexualized images to sell male-oriented products
Mass media
Gendering process occurs through doctrines, structure or hierarchy, symbolism, and unofficial religious interpretation
Religion
The most subtle but most pervasive form of gender socialization
Language
Gender implications for equality between men and women
Reproductive role, productive role, community managing role, community politics role
Child-bearing/rearing and domestic tasks done my women
Reproductive role
Done by both men and women; both market production with an exchange value
Productive role
Activities undertaken primarily by women at the community level, as an extension of their reproductive role, provision and maintenance of stance resources of collective consumption
Community managing role
Undertaken primarily by men at the community level, organizing at the formal political level, often within the framework of national politics
Community politics role
