Understanding Personality, The Self, SOGIE 101 Flashcards
1
Q
Best asset, helps shape life, can limit or expand to your options and choices in life
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Personality
2
Q
Personality sums up everything about yourself - your:
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Likes and dislikes, fears and virtues, strengths and weaknesses
3
Q
Latin word of personality which refers to a mask used by actors in a play
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Persona
4
Q
Persona came to refer to __________
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Outward appearance
5
Q
Assume that personality is relatively stable and predictable
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Enduring characteristics
6
Q
May also include the idea of human uniqueness
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Unique characteristics
7
Q
Refers to a person’s unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions
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Personality
8
Q
Personality is an interaction between _____ and _____
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Biology, environment
9
Q
Suggested by genetic studies
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Heritability of personality
10
Q
Suggested by other studies
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Components of personality
11
Q
Limited the experimental method, studied only those mental processes that might be affected by some external stimulus that could be manipulated and controlled by the experimenter
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Wilhelm Wundt and the Study of Consciousness
12
Q
To focus on the tangible aspects of human nature; mechanistic picture of human being
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John B. Watson and the Study of Behavior
13
Q
Psychoanalysis, neopsychoanalysts, criticism
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Sigmund Freud and the Study of the Unconscious
14
Q
Interpretation to what patients told him about their feelings and past experiences, both actual and fantasized
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Psychoanalysis
15
Q
Focused on the whole person as he or she functions in the real world, not on elements of behavior of stimulus-response units
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Neopsychoanalysts
16
Q
Were speculative in work, relying more on inferences based on observations of their patients’ behavior than on the quantitative analysis
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Criticism
17
Q
Approaches in the study of personality formalized and systematized by Gordon Allport
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Life-span approach, trait approach, humanistic approach, cognitive approach
18
Q
Argues that personality continues to develop throughout the course of our life
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Life-span approach
19
Q
Contends that much of our personality is inherited
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Trait approach
20
Q
Emphasizes human strengths, virtues, aspirations, and the fulfillment of our potential
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Humanistic approach
21
Q
Deals with conscious mental activities
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Cognitive approach
22
Q
First comprehensive theory of personality
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Psychoanalytic perspective
23
Q
Founded the Psychodynamic Theory
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Signmund Freud
24
Q
Techniques used in psychoanalytic perspective:
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Hypnosis, catharsis, dream-analysis, free-association, parapraxes
25
Everything we do and say, even by accident, has hidden meaning
Freudian slips or parapraxes
26
View personality as being primarily unconscious; emphasize that early experiences with parents play an important role in sculpting the individual's personality
Psychodynamic perspective
27
Assumes that people can be compelled to do things without knowing the reason for their actions
Unconscious motivation
28
Unconscious motivation explains:
Nonverbal expressions, dreams, Freudian slips
29
It is unconscious and has no contact with reality; referred to by Freud as the true psychic reality; the original system of the personality; provides drive and direction of behavior
Id
30
Means sexual
Eros
31
Means death or aggression
Thantos
32
Principle that always seeks pleasure and avoids pain
Pleasure principle
33
The structure that deals with the demands of reality; abides by the reality principle; partly conscious
Ego
34
Ego houses higher mental functions:
Reasoning, problem solving, decision making
35
Moral branch of our personality; often referred as our "conscience"; represents the ideal rather than the reality
Superego
36
The development of an individual revolves around _________
Psychosexual concerns
37
The psychoanalytic defense mechanism that occurs when the individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage
Fixation
38
Freud believed that we go through _____ stages of personality development.
5
39
Are parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure-giving qualities at particular stages of development
Erogenous zones
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Different parts of the body are used to fuel the id with pleasure; hence, energy source = _____
Libido
41
Birth to 1 1/2 years; gratification is gained by oral stimulation (breastfeeding)
Oral stage
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1 1/2 to 3 years old; pleasure is gained by being able to control feces (potty-training)
Anal stage
43
3 to 6 years; oedipus complex for boys and electra complex for girls = awakening of sexuality
Phallic stage
44
When a male child wants to kill his father so he can have sex with his mother
Oedipus complex
45
Girls are jealous of their father because they don't have a penis.
Electra complex
46
6 to 12 yo; pleasure is gained through same-sex peer friendships
Latency stage
47
12 + yo; pleasure is gained through sexual intercourse with non-relatives
Genital stage
48
Examples are nail biters, gum chewers, smokers, etc.; overly optimistic, dependent, and passive
Oral fixation
49
Excessive need for order, control, and neatness (modern day OCD)
Anal retentive
50
Emotionally volatile, unstable, spiteful and vindictive
Anal expulsive
51
Neo-Freudian of individual psychology
Alfred Adler
52
Neo-Freudian of analytical/depth psychology
Carl Jung
53
Neo-Freudian of feminine psychology
Karen Horney
54
"Healthy" rather than "Sick"; focused on uniquely human issues such as: the self, health, hope, love, creativity, nature, and individuality
Humanistic perspective
55
A strong belief in free will and conscious rational decision-making
Existentialism
56
Wrote his first book Counseling and Psychotherapy in 1942
Carl Rogers
57
People are basically good with actualizing tendencies; genuineness, acceptance, empathy
Roger's Person-centered perspective
58
Central feature of personality
Self concept
59
Proposed the Self-actualization principle
Abraham Maslow
60
The process of fulfilling our potential
Self-Actualization (The Apex of the Hierarchy of Needs)
61
Considers the apparent stability and consistency of personality; basic personality dimensions
The Trait Approach: The Genetics of Personality
62
The building blocks of personality, or dispositions
Traits
63
Distinguished four types of people: happy, unhappy, temperamental, and apathetic
Hippocrates
64
A distinguishable personal characteristic or quality
Trait
65
The body types and personality characteristics
Somatotype Theory by William Sheldon
66
The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine characteristic behavior and thought
Personality
67
Growth is organized, not random
Dynamic organization
68
Personality is composed of mind and body functioning together as a unit
Psychophysical
69
Everything we think and do is characteristic, or typical, of us; unique
Characteristic behavior and thought
70
Provides the personality with raw materials (physique, intelligence, temperament)
Heredity
71
Responsible for the major portion of our uniqueness
Genetic background
72
Personality traits:
are real and exist within each of us, determine or cause behavior, can be demonstrated empirically, are interrelated, vary with the situation
73
Traits unique to a person and define his or her character
Individual traits (personal dispositions)
74
Shared by a number of people
Common traits
75
So pervasive and influential; "ruling passion"
Cardinal traits
76
Traits that describe our behavior
Central traits
77
Appear much less consistently than cardinal and central traits
Secondary traits
78
Derived a list of 16 primary or source traits
Raymond Cattell
79
Certain obvious personality traits; integrity, friendliness, and tidiness
Surface traits
80
Believed that there are only two major dimensions to personality (+ 1)
Hans Eysenck
81
Major dimensions to personality
Intraversion-extraversion, neuroticism-stability, psychoticism
82
Lahat ng mga pag-aaral, libro, at sikolohiyang makikita sa Pilipinas
Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
83
Lahat ng pag-aaral, pananaliksik, at mga konsepto sa sikolohiya na may kinalaman sa mga Filipino
Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino
84
Nilalayong anyo ng sikolohiya sa Pilipinas, sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan, at orentasyong Pilipino
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
85
Father of Filipino psychology
Virgilio Enriquez
86
An orientation— an enduring worldview that links to the cultural heritage of indigenous Filipino people and their IKSP (Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices)
Kapwa psychology
87
Rooted in the history, language, arts, and common experience of a people of the Malay-Polynesian and Asian heritage
Sikolohiyang Filipino
88
A model regarding Filipino personhood and social interaction
Kapwa psychology
89
Examples are hiya, utang na loob, pakikisama and pakikipagkapwa
Accommodative surface values
90
Bahala na, lakas ng loob, pakikibaka
Confrontative surface values
91
Biro, tampo, lambing
Associated behavioral pattern
92
Pakikiramdam: shared inner perception; heightened awareness and sensitivity
Pivotal interpersonal value
93
Kagandahang-loob: shared humanity
Linking socio-personal value
94
Kapwa = togetherness; the "unity of the one-of-us-and-the-other"
Core value
95
Karangalan, katarunga, kalayaan
Societal values
96
External aspect of dignity
Puri
97
Internal aspect of dignity
Dangal
98
Totality of you: physical body but also your identity, others' perceptions
Self
99
Individual's beliefs about himself or herself; ideas about yourself
Self-concept
100
How you evaluate yourself; how you feel about your self-concept
Self-esteem
101
Who you are
Identity
102
Dimensions of self-concept
Physical, emotional, intellectual, functional
103
One's general (overall) self-concept is an aggregate construct determined by judgments of self-concept in a number of domains
Self-concept model
104
Two categories of general self-concept
Academic self-concept, nonacademic self-concept
105
Stages in development of self
Self-awareness (infancy), self-recognition (18 months), self-definition (3-5 years), self-concept (6-7 years),
106
Infant learns physical self, different from environment.
Self-awareness (infancy)
107
If the basic needs are met, child has positive feelings of self.
Self-recognition (18 months)
108
Emphasize skills and abilities; think about self as physical body; child internalizes other people's attitudes toward self
Self-definition (3-5 years)
109
Sense of competency and control continue to increase at 6-11 years; self-consciousness increases during teenage years
Self-concept (6-7 years)
110
Factors affecting self-concept
Altered health status, experience, developmental considerations, culture, internal and external resources, history of success and failure, crisis or life stressors, aging, illness, or trauma
111
Includes a person's name, gender, ethnic identity, family status, occupation, and roles
Identity
112
An attitude about one's physical attributes and characteristics, appearance, and performance
Body image
113
The judgment of personal performance compared with the self-ideal; derived from a sense of giving and receiving love, and being respected by others
Self-esteem
114
The perception of behavior based on personal standards and self-expectations; an internal regulator to support self-respect and self-esteem
Self-ideal
115
Refers to a set of expected behaviors determined by familial, cultural, and social norms
Role
116
Stressors affecting role performance
Role overload, role conflict
117
The selves you have yet to become
Actual self vs. ideal self vs. possible selves
118
Increased with age
Self-complexity
119
A sense of temporal-spatial continuity = you are the same person regardless of time and space
Ego-identity
120
Behavioral and personal repertoire that characterizes you and differentiates you from others
Personal identity
121
Occupying recognized roles, a niche within society
Social identity
122
A subjective sense of identity confusion; a behavioral and personality disarray; a lack of recognized roles
Identity crisis
123
Describes a person's position in the development of an identity
Identity status
124
Refers to a person's exploring of various options for a career and for personal values
Exploration
125
Involves making a decision about which identity path to follow and making a personal investment in attaining that identity
Commitment
126
Stages of self-worth development
Early childhood, mid-late childhood, adolescence, college age, adulthood
127
Cannot make meaningful judgments about self-worth
Early childhood
128
Begin to make meaningful judgments about self-worth; physical appearance and social acceptance are most important constructs of global self-worth
Mid-late childhood
129
Additional constructs emerge: friendship, romantic appeal, job competence
Adolescence
130
Global self-worth becomes a function of perceived self-worth in areas most important to the individual
College age
131
Additional major contributors to global self-worth: nurturance, house-hold management
Adulthood
132
Biological (chromosomal, anatomical, hormonal, physiological); assigned at birth
Sex
133
Psychological, social, cultural; not determined at birth; manifest in masculine or feminine behaviors at individual level
Gender
134
What women and men can do
Gender roles
135
How women and men relate to each other
Gender relations
136
How women and men perceive themselves
Gender identity
137
Gender ideology determines:
What is expected of us, what is allowed of us, what is valued in us
138
Why so many men and women seem to conform to society's gender expectations
Gender socialization/socialization of person/gendering
139
A shaman or spiritual leader
Babaylan
140
Country that legalized same-sex marriages since 2005
Spain
141
Countries with lowest LGBT tolerance
Ghana (98%) and Russia (72%)
142
Percent of the population that can be defined as intersexuals
4%
143
Your innermost concept of self as male or female
Gender identity
144
A gender identity aligning with heir biological sex
Cisgender
145
How you demonstrate your gender through the ways you act, dress, behave, and interact
Gender expression
146
Determined by whom you are sexually (erotically) attracted; pattern of romantic attraction, sexual attraction, and commitment to monogamous romantic and sexual relationship
Sexual orientation
147
Women who identify with this category experience their sole or primary sexual and emotional attachments to other women; gay woman
Lesbian
148
Men who identify with this category experience their sole or primary sexual and emotional attachments to other men
Gay/Gay men
149
Are attracted to both men and women, and who are willing to enter into relationships on the basis of attraction to an individual person
Bisexuals
150
Women who are romantically and/or sexually attracted to men and vice versa
Straight/heterosexual
151
Experience a discrepancy between gender identity and the sex they were assigned at birth
Transsexuals
152
Live outside of dominant gender norms without seeking surgical intervention
Transgender
153
Old derogatory term, not normal
Homo
154
Departing from normative heterosexuality
Non-reproductive sexuality (Krafft-Ebing, 1900s)
155
Homosexuality as a biological anomaly
Sexual inversion (Freud, 1910)
156
Offensive term for "relationship"
"Homosexual relations/relationship/couple"
157
Preferred term for "sexual preference"
"Sexual orientation"
158
Offensive term for "Gay lifestyle/homosexual lifestyle"
"Gay lives/gay and lesbian lives"
159
Preferred term for "Special rights"
"Equal rights/protection"
160
Problematic term for "Sex change, pre-operative, post-operative"
"Transition"
161
An ideological system that denies and stigmatizes any non-heterosexual form of behavior, identity, relationship, or community (Herek, 1990)
Social marginzalization
162
Heterosexual bias in sexual customs and institutions
Cultural heterosexism (institutionalized homophobia)
163
Occupations/biological functions for which one needs to belong to one particular sex category
Sex roles
164
Conditions which are culturally regarded as feminine and masculine
Gender roles
165
Also prescribes what are appropriate masculine and feminine sexual roles and behaviors
Gender role socialization
166
Change over time; vary according to ethnic group, class, culture
Gender relations
167
Two kinds of gender relations
Personal and political
168
The gender roles that we have taken on to define who we are, what we do now and how we think of ourselves
Personal
169
Gender roles and norms are maintained and promoted by social institutions
Political
170
An over-generalized belief in the characteristics of a person based simply on their gender; rigidly held and oversimplified
Gender stereotypes
171
A necessary element of all social relations
Gender
172
Attributes different values and powers according to sexual identity
Gender organization
173
Institutions of mass gender socialization
Family - childrearing, formal education, mass media, religion, media
174
Handling boys and girls differently
Manipulation
175
People direct children's attention for gender-appropriate objects
Canalization
176
Telling children what they are and what expectations others have of them
Verbal appellation
177
Familiarization with gender-appropriate tasks
Activity exposure
178
Child-rearing as a mechanism for socialization (gender tracking)
Family-childrearing
179
Differences in disciplining boys and girls; in terms of subjects offered
Formal education
180
Advertising uses images to convey or reinforce gender stereotypes; uses sexualized images to sell male-oriented products
Mass media
181
Gendering process occurs through doctrines, structure or hierarchy, symbolism, and unofficial religious interpretation
Religion
182
The most subtle but most pervasive form of gender socialization
Language
183
Gender implications for equality between men and women
Reproductive role, productive role, community managing role, community politics role
184
Child-bearing/rearing and domestic tasks done my women
Reproductive role
185
Done by both men and women; both market production with an exchange value
Productive role
186
Activities undertaken primarily by women at the community level, as an extension of their reproductive role, provision and maintenance of stance resources of collective consumption
Community managing role
187
Undertaken primarily by men at the community level, organizing at the formal political level, often within the framework of national politics
Community politics role
