Understanding Human Development and Self-Development Flashcards
1
Q
This falls under the basic issues in human development which refers to a process gradually augmenting the same type of skills that was there to begin with.
A
Continuous
2
Q
It is a process in which new and different ways of interpreting and responding to the world emerge at particular time periods.
A
Discontinuous
3
Q
Children and adults live in distinct contexts (or unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change).
A
One course of development or many?
4
Q
Is the developing person’s ability to think in more complex ways largely the result of the inborn timetable of growth?
A
Nature or nurture?
5
Q
Where elements meet is where development occurs
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Development is cntextualized.
6
Q
Possess characteristics and qualities that differentiate among them
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Contexts
7
Q
We cannot predict precisely the details of its path, form, dynamics, or outcome.
A
Individual development
8
Q
Influenced by what goes before
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Path of development
9
Q
Is most likely across the developmental stages for the individual
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Continuity
10
Q
Is rarely the result of some neat linear relationship between intention A and outcome C
A
Change
11
Q
Gained more in the twentieth century than in the preceding five thousand years:
A
Improvements in nutrition, sanitation, and medical knowledge, the average life expectancy
12
Q
The number of years an individual born in a particular year can expect to live
A
Average life expectancy
13
Q
In 1990, the average life expectancy was
A
Under age 50
14
Q
Today, the life expectancy in the US is
A
77.7 years
15
Q
Today, the life expectancy in Canada is
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80.1 years
16
Q
The predicted life expectancy in North America in 2050
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84 years
17
Q
A perpetually ongoing process extending from conception to death that is molded by a complex network of biological, psychological, and social influences
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Development as a dynamic system
18
Q
No page period is supreme in its impact on the life course; events occurring during each major period can have equally powerful effects on future change.
A
Development is lifelong
19
Q
The challenges and adjustments of development are multidimensional-affected by an intricate blend of biological, psychological, social forces.
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Development is multidimensional and multidirectional
20
Q
At every period, development is a joint expression of growth and decline.
A
Multidirectional
21
Q
Aging is not an eventual “shipwreck,” as has often been assumed.
A
Development is plastic
22
Q
Varies across individuals; some children and adults experience more diverse life circumstances.
A
Plasticity
23
Q
Development is influenced by multiple interacting forces: biological, historical, social, and cultural.
A
Development is influenced by multiple interacting forces
24
Q
Events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last.
A
Age-Graded Influences
25
Development is also profoundly affected by forces unique to a historical era.
History-Graded Influences
26
People born around the same time to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times.
Cohort
27
Events that are irregular; happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable.
Non-normative Influences
28
Enhanced by Non-normative influences
Multi-directionality of development
29
Helps us understand development during adolescence
Scientifically-grounded information
30
Three core questions that guide our focus on the development of the self in adolescence
Who am I?, Where do I belong?, Where am I going?
31
Kind of changes adolescence bring in your lives
Major
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Research on adolescence emphasize that changes can be
normative and unique
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Age-related for a particular generation
Normative
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Concept of individual variation
Unique
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Explains individual differences
Result of how individual characteristics interact with specific contexts in your life such as family, peers, school, community, and media
36
Human beings are capable of significant improvement given scientifically-proven methods for changing both the individual and his/her environment.
Plasticity in Adolescent Development
37
Important in influencing future life
Self-development
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Competencies enhanced by broadening one's strengths and improving his/her weaknesses
Cognitive, social, and emotional
39
What you are affects context and the various contexts of your life who you are
Bidirectional model
40
A model about biological and contextual factors
Integrative relational model
41
A bidirectional model; what you are affects context and the various contexts of your life affect who you are.
Development Contextualism Model (of Person-Context Interaction [1984, 1986])
42
The Developmental Contextualism emphasizes four components:
Relative plasticity, relationism, historical embeddedness, individual variation
43
The potential for change
Relative plasticity
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The levels of relationship
Relationism
45
The context of historical time in which changes takes place
Historical embeddedness
46
The different ways a person learns to cope with themselves and his/her environment
Individual variation
47
The dimensions of development which impact adolescent development:
Physical/Physiological development, cognitive development, socio-emotional development, spirituality and purpose in life, specific contexts
48
Marked by puberty; changes in physical and brain structure and reproductive system
Physical/Physiological development
49
Thinking is being more abstract, integrative, and volitional; thorough and private access to inner processes; evaluating one's actions; introspection and self-disclosure
Cognitive development
50
Development of self and identity; refinement of emotional regulation; acquisition of negotiation skills
Social-emotional development
51
Guides behavior; an evolution from self-centered needs to outward goals
Spirituality and purpose in life
52
Western individuals culture vs. Asian collectivist culture; autonomy/independence focus vs. interdependence/social connection focus
Specific contexts
53
The broadest context in which adolescents develops
Culture
54
Another broad context to consider especially for developing countries like the Philippines
Poverty
55
Developmental tasks inlclude:
Acquisition of attributes, skills, behavior, and attitudes in adolescents
56
These tasks are globally defined or are made more specific in the context of identified domains of development.
Developmental tasks
57
Other term considered as developmental tasks
Challenges of adolescence
58
In all domains (conflict resolution and interpersonal skills - social; decision making - cognitive)
Competence
59
Overall self-worth and efficacy; achieving a level of self-esteem that translates to a realization and belief that one can effectively deal with the demands of life
Confidence
60
Developing positive relationships with people and institutions that will facilitate interaction
Connection
61
Responsiveness to cultural and societal norms acquiring standards for correct behaviors; sense of right and wrong; integrity
Character
62
Sense of sympathy and empathy for others
Caring and compassion
63
The achievement of the first 5 C's naturally lead to this and marks the transition to adulthood.
Contribution to self, family, and community
64
Proposed the developmental domains (2002)
Eccles and Gootman
65
Detailed listing across contexts and per domain of development; assets which facilitate adolescent development
Developmental domains
66
Performance in one dimension has cascading effects on the others; make the achievement of developing less daunting.
Interconnectedness of areas of development
67
Proposed the interconnectedness of areas of development (2006)
Masten and Obadovich
68
Examples of interconnectedness of areas of development:
Achieving good-decision making skills > emotional self regulation > connectedness and enhanced social relationships
69
Scientific study of human society and social relationships
Social sciences
70
Said: "Man, the molecule of society, is the subject matter of social sciences."
Henry Charles Carey
71
Employed to underrate a scientific study or investigations
Various research approaches
72
A research design - observation of behavior in a more or less natural setting, without any attempt to intervene; not manipulated or controlled; has not been initiated or created
Naturalistic observation
73
Advantages of naturalistic observation:
Allows observation of behavior exactly as it occurs in the real world; helps establish the external validity of the research findings; ethical considerations may prevent manipulation
74
Threats to observational research:
Many fall under the heading of reactivity; the subject's expectations can change their responses to the demands of the situation.
75
Refers to situations where a subject's behavior is different when the person knows they are being observed, or that they are being studied
Reactivity
76
Intensive studies of individual cases; originated in clinical medicine; uses the person's own memories, of friends' or relatives' or records of various types
Case study
77
Strength of case studies
You learn a lot about the case studied.
78
Weakness of case studies
Results may not generalize.
79
Advantages of the case study method (Searle 1999)
Stimulating new research; contradicting established theory; giving new insight into phenomena or experience; permitting investigation of otherwise inaccessible situations
80
Disadvantages of case studies (Searle 1999)
Replication not possible; researcher's own subjective feelings may influence; memory distortions; not possible to replicate findings
81
A procedure for systematically collecting data on attitudes, preferences, knowledge, or behavior by asking people questions
Survey
82
Uses of surveys:
Data gathering a large group (population); when measuring whole population is too expensive
83
Ways in which survey can be administered:
interview, written questionnaires, phone via the internet
84
Advantages of survey research:
Faster data collection; inexpensive data collection; wide range of participants; generalized information
85
Disadvantages of survey research:
Superficial data; expensive to ensure representative data; direction of one's perception and judgement; lacks dynamism
86
Designed to measure the degree of a relationship between two or more events, measure, or variables; coefficient or correlation
Correlational research
87
Demonstrates no relationship
Correlation of 0.00
88
Increases in one variable are matched by increases in the other variable.
Positive correlation
89
Increases in one variable are matched by decreases in the other variable
Negative correlation
90
Advantages of correlational research:
Much information from many subjects at one time; study a wide range of variables and their interrelations; study variables that are not easily produced in the lab
91
Disadvantages of correlational research
Does not indicate causation; problems with self-report method
92
The only method of research that can truly test hypotheses concerning cause-and-effect relationships
Experimental research
93
A series of operations used to investigate relationships between manipulated events and measured events
Experiment
94
The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter
Independent variable
95
Provides the measure of a participant's behavior
Dependent variable
96
Receives a nonzero level of the independent variable
Experimental group
97
Receives a zero level of the independent variable
Control group
98
Something given to the research participants that has no identifiable effect on performance
Placebo
99
A factor that might affect the value of the dependent variable; must be controlled or eliminated
Extraneous variable
100
Advantages of experimental research:
High level of control; no limit to the subject matter; conclusions; results can be duplicated/replicated; determine cause and effect
101
Disadvantages of experimental research:
Highly subjective; create unrealistic situations; time-consuming; ethical or practical problems; extraneous variable cannot always be controlled
102
Resemblance of a true experiment design; randomization is not used; blends correlational and experimental approaches; examines interaction between an individual difference variable
Quasi-experiment
103
Advantages of quasi-experiment:
Similar to correlational research's; tease out cause and effect
104
Disadvantages of quasi-experiemtn:
Similar to correlational research's; third variable problems
105
Written records, statistical archives, and physical traces of human beings; a rich source of data; inexpensive
Archival research
106
Advantage of archival research:
No additional data collection required
107
Disadvantages of archival research:
Casual conclusions impossible; appropriate records not available; by non-scientists
108
A holistic approach to questions; focus on human experience; sustained contact; NARRATIVE of people living through events in situations
Qualitative research
109
Advantages of qualitative research:
In-depth examination; subjective information; not limited to rigidly definable variables; complex questions; value-laden questions; new areas of research; new theories
110
Disadvantages of qualitative research:
Procedural problems; difficult replicability; researcher bias; limited scope; labor intensive, expensive; not understood well by "classical" researchers
111
Aim to decolonize research methods; instruments prepared for particular setting/culture
Indigenous research methods
112
Proponents of the IRM:
Enriquez, Santiago, Bulatao,Jocano
113
Iskala ng mananaliksik:
Pagmamasid, pakikiramdam, pagtatanong-tanong, pagsubok, pagdalaw-dalaw, pakikisangkot
114
Iskala ng pagtutunguhan ng mananaliksik at kalahok:
Pakikitungo, pakikisalamuha, pakikilahok, pakikibagay, pakikisama, pakikipagpalagayang-loob, pakikisangkot, pakikiisa, pakikipagkuwentuham pakikisama, pakikipanuluyan
115
Specifies ethical treatment of human and animal subjects used in psychological research
APA ethical guidelines
116
Ethics and research with human participants:
Confidentiality, voluntary participation, consent, debriefed after experimentation, additional guidelines for specialized populations
