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NRS171 > Understanding pathophysiology CH19 > Flashcards

Understanding pathophysiology CH19 Flashcards

1
Q

what is Basal cell carcinoma?

A

Basal cell carcinoma is a malignant tumour of the integument that arises from cells in the basal layer of the epidermis.

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2
Q

what is the cause of basal cell carcinoma?

A

repeated exposure to solar UV radiation, especially in the form of ultraviolet B (UVB) with wavelengths 280–320 nm.

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3
Q

where do Basal cell carcinoma arises from?

A

stem cells located in the basal layer of hair follicles or the epidermis.

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4
Q

what is the growth rate of Basal cell carcinomas?

A

slow-growing tumours that rarely spread (or metastasise) to other parts of the body.
They occur most frequently on body areas that are exposed to the sun, such as the face, head, neck, shoulders and back.

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5
Q

what are Superficial basal cell carcinomas?

A

Superficial basal cell carcinomas are common, particularly in younger individuals. Lesions are flat, erythematous, scaling macules

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6
Q

what are Nodular basal cell carcinomas

A

Nodular basal cell carcinomas are found more often in the elderly.
These lesions begin as a small pink nodule that enlarges and becomes an ulcer surrounded by a raised, rolled pearly border

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7
Q

what are Morphoeic basal cell carcinomas?

A

Morphoeic basal cell carcinomas have a sclerosing (meaning causing to harden) growth pattern and have the appearance of a pale scar that feels hard on palpation and rarely ulcerates.

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8
Q

what is Squamous cell carcinoma?

A

cancer arising from keratinocytes in the outer layers of the epidermis.
It may arise from skin or other sites lined by squamous epithelium, such as the oesophagus, mouth and vagina.

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9
Q

what is Solar (acitinic) keratosis?

A

Solar keratoses are lesions that have atypical nuclei in the epidermal basal layer and hyperkeratosis and are associated with chronic exposure to UV radiation.

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10
Q

what is Melanoma?

A

Melanoma is a malignant tumour that arises from melanocytes. It progresses rapidly and has a high rate of metastasis.

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11
Q

what is Dermatitis?

A

Dermatitis , also called eczema , is the most common inflammatory condition of the skin and is caused by both exogenous and endogenous agents.

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12
Q

what is Endogenous dermatitis?

A

Endogenous dermatitis includes atopic dermatitis and seborrhoeic dermatitis.

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13
Q

what is Acute dermatitis?

A

Acute dermatitis is associated with pruritus, erythema, vesicles and scales.

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14
Q

what is Irritant contact dermatitis?

A

Irritant contact dermatitis is a non-allergic inflammatory response to chemical or physical agents.

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15
Q

what is Allergic contact dermatitis?

A

Allergic contact dermatitis is a type IV delayed T-cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction. The inflammatory reaction occurs in sensitised individuals when they are later exposed to the antigen.

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16
Q

what is Atopic dermatitis?

A

Atopic dermatitis is an inherited chronic inflammatory skin disorder. Together with asthma and allergic rhinitis it is a condition of the atopic state.

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17
Q

what is Seborrhoeic dermatitis?

A

Seborrhoeic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting areas of the body where sebaceous glands are most prominent, such as the scalp, eyebrows, nasolabial folds, behind the ears, axillae and chest.

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18
Q

what is Acne vulgaris?

A

Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous follicle that mainly affects adolescents

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19
Q

what is Acne rosacea?

A

Acne rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects adults and is characterised by central facial erythema, telangiectasia (small dilated blood vessels on the skin), lesions, oedema and flushing.

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20
Q

what is Cutaneous lupus erythematosus?

A

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (commonly known as lupus) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease.

21
Q

what are Papulosquamous disorders?

A

Papulosquamous disorders are a group of skin disorders that present with scaly papules and plaques and include psoriasis, lichen planus and pityriasis rosea.

22
Q

what are Bacterial infections?

A

When pathogenic bacteria invade the skin, superficial or systemic infections may develop.

23
Q

what is Folliculitis?

A

Folliculitis is an inflammation of the hair follicle, occurring most prominently on the scalp and extremities, but can also occur on the eyelid

24
Q

what are Furuncles?

A

Furuncles (or boils) result from the spread of bacterial infection through the follicular wall into the surrounding dermis.

25
Q

what is Cellulitis?

A

Cellulitis is a spreading infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. It is usually caused by group A streptococci ( Streptococcus pyogenes ) and Staphylococcus aureus .

26
Q

what is Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?

A

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a toxin-mediated condition caused by Staphylococcus aureus that causes red, blistering and desquamation of the skin which resembles a scald or burn.

27
Q

what is Paronychia?

A

Paronychia is an infection of the nail fold. Acute paronychia is usually caused by the bacteria staphylococci or streptococci.

28
Q

what is Herpes zoster and varicella?

A

Herpes zoster and varicella are both caused by the varicella-zoster virus. 47, 48 Varicella (chickenpox) occurs as the primary infection.

29
Q

what are warts?

A

Warts (verrucae) are benign epidermal lesions caused by the human papillomavirus. Warts most commonly occur in children and are transmitted by direct contact.

30
Q

what are Fungal infections?

A

Fungal infections of the skin, hair and nails are caused by dermatophytes (meaning ‘skin plant’ in Greek), a group of fungi that invade keratin.

31
Q

what is tinea?

A

Tinea is a superficial skin infection caused by dermatophytes.

32
Q

what is Scabies?

A

Scabies is a contagious parasitic infestation caused by the microscopic mite Sarcoptes scabiei . It is transmitted either by direct skin-to-skin contact or indirectly from contaminated items such as bedclothes and towels.

33
Q

what is Pediculosis?

A

Pediculosis is an infestation of blood-sucking lice.

34
Q

what are ticks?

A

Ticks are bloodsucking external parasites causing dermatological disease both directly by their bite and indirectly as vectors of bacterial, rickettsial, protozoal and viral diseases.

35
Q

what are skin tears?

A

Skin tears are wounds caused as a result of shearing, friction or blunt trauma to the skin.

36
Q

what is Scleroderma?

A

Scleroderma is a rare, chronic autoimmune disease of the connective tissue characterised by fibrosis in the skin and organs of the body.

37
Q

what is Localised scleroderma?

A

Localised scleroderma, which affects only the skin, related tissues and the muscles below the tissues

38
Q

what is Systemic scleroderma?

A

Systemic scleroderma (also called systemic sclerosis), which affects the skin and organs including heart, lungs, kidneys and digestive tract.

39
Q

what are Haemangiomas?

A

Haemangiomas are benign lesions of capillary endothelium.

40
Q

what is port-wine stain?

A

A port-wine stain (naevus flammeus) is a congenital capillary malformation composed of dilated vessels in the papillary dermis.

41
Q

what is Cutaneous vasculitis?

A

Cutaneous vasculitis is an inflammation of the blood vessels in the skin

42
Q

what are Vascular disorders?

A

Vascular disorders may be associated with skin diseases, may be congenital or may involve responses to local or systemic vasoactive substances.

43
Q

what are Superficial epidermal burns?

A

Dry and red, blanches with pressure, no blisters or blisters may appear after some days. Sensation present and may be painful. Heals with no scarring

44
Q

what are Superficial dermal partial thickness burns?

A

Pale pink with fine blistering, blanches with pressure. Usually extremely painful. Can have colour-match defect. Low risk of hypertrophic scarring

45
Q

what are Mid-dermal partial thickness burns?

A

Dark pink with large blisters. Capillary refill sluggish. May be painful. Moderate risk of hypertrophic scarring

46
Q

what are Deep dermal partial thickness burns?

A

Blotchy red, may blister, no capillary refill. In child may be dark lobster red with mottling. Healing time is longer than 2–3 weeks. High risk of hypertrophic scarring

47
Q

what are Full-thickness burns?

A

White, waxy or charred. No blisters. No capillary refill. No sensation or pain. Will scar. Healing can only be achieved by grafting

48
Q

how is burn percentage calculated?

A

by the amount of body parts affected

NRS171 (10 decks)

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