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Geography GCSE > Uk's Evolving Physcial Landscape > Flashcards

Uk's Evolving Physcial Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

How is igneous rock formed? Examples of rock?Where is igneous found in Britain?

A

Igneous if formed when magma cools under the surface hence large crystals hence slowly cools hence intrusive
If formed when lave cools then cools quickly forming small crystals which is extrusive
Examples are granite(intrusive) gabbro (extrusive) ands pumice
In volcanic areas such as Scotland Higlands and Dartmoor for gabbro or underground.

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2
Q

How is sedimentary rock formed? Examples of rock?Where is sedimentary found in Britain?

A

Sediment from cliffs are weathered and eroded and fall into the sea in layers which are then compressed and cemented squeezing water out of them from in rock. This is non clastic rock.
clastic rock is made up of broken rock fragments
Fossils can be found in them
Examples are limestone And shale (clastic)
Near coasts within cliffs eg East Anglia and southwest England

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3
Q

How is metamorphic rock formed? Examples of rock?Where is metamorphic found in Britain?

A

Any type of rock usually sedimentary heat and pressure applied to it over time and change into metamorphic.
Thermal is when rock changes due to contact with magma. Regional is where rock changes due to heat&pressure over wide area
Some rocks may just melt into magma
Shale (clastic)turn into slate (regional)
Scottish Isles
Marbel

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4
Q

Weathering def

A

The physical, biological or chemical process of breaking down solid rock by the action of weather or plants in the situ

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5
Q

Scree def

A

Angular rock pieces created by freeze thaw weathering. Increased every winter

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6
Q

Chemical weathering description

A

Chemicals in air/rain reacts with the stone which corrodes it. Affects sedimentary rock
Burning of fuels causes acid rain to affect plant and a animals as there is sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide in the rain

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7
Q

Biological weathering description

A

Trees , shrubs roots , plant or even animals such as rabbits attack the rocks and their cracks which weakens the structure eventually splitting the rock

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8
Q

Mechanical weathering description

A

Alternate freeze thaw weathering - rain water gets in the cracks and freezes repeatedly. The ice then expands and the force created causes the rock to break .

Onion Skin weathering - effect of sub means rock expands over the years and causes it to crack

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9
Q

Batholiths description

A

Magma rises but gets stuck under various layers of crust(Sedimentary). Magma then cools still stuck between the various layers of ground. A large dome is created called a Batholith under the sedimentary rock. A vertical intrusion to the ground is called a dyke. And a sideways intrusion is called a sill. If dyke is harder than the surrounding rock it forms a ridge. Sedimentary rock erodes over time and Batholith is visible.

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10
Q

One way in which past tectonic processes influence the physical landscape of the UK

A

Description of batholith

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11
Q 
Crystals 
Fossils
Ribbon like layers 
Same or pebbles
Gas bubbles
Glassy Surface
A 
M
S
M
S
I
I
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12
Q

Formation of U shaped valley

A

The glacier descends through the v shaped valley and eroded it through plucking which truncates the ine interlocking sours and abrasion. This widens it into a u shape and a ribbon lake is left behind once the glacier melts

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13
Q

Abrasion

A

Rubbing of rocks eroding other sufeca eg other rocks, river bed, cliff

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14
Q

Plucking

A

Removal of soil front of glacier

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15
Q

Formation of Malham cove

A

Fossils at the cover resemble those at great Barrier reef so it was under water
As fish and coral dies their skeletons fall to the floor forming strata
As the skeletons fall they crush those beneath eventually squeezing the water and compacting the rock
Calcium carbonate crystallised around the fragments which cemented then and preserved the fossils
Varied in hardness and resistance

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16
Q

Escarpments are

A

Areas of resistant rock that from higher ground.

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17
Q

Dip slopes are

A

Behind the escarpments and are harsh slopes

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18
Q

Spring line

A

Where the escarpment and vale joins

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19
Q

Values are

A

Less resistant rock forming lower and flatte ground

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20
Q

Mass movement

A

Movement of material due to gravity

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21
Q

4 types of mass movement are

A

Rockfall, landslides , mudflow, rotational slip

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22
Q

Rockfall is

A

Fragments of rock break away from the cliff often due to freeze thaw weathering

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23
Q

Landslides

A

Block of rock slide down hill

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24
Q

Mudflow

A

Saturated soil and weak rock flow down a slop

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25
Q

Rotational skin

A

Slump of saturates soil and weak rock along curved surface.

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26
Q

Headland

A

A piece of land that just our to sea

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27
Q

Bay

A

Coastal inlet often with a beach

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28
Q

Discordant coastline is

A

Where there are alternate bands of hard and soft rock vertical to sea

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29
Q

Formation of headlands and bay

A

Head,ands and bays can happen at discordant coastlines.
Soft rock is eroded more quickly than hard rock forming a bay
The eroded rock is deposited in bay making water here shallower
The heard rock just out to sea certain a headland near which sea is deeper

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30
Q

Joints

A

Small cracks in many rocks

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31
Q

Faults

A

Large cracks cause by tectonic plate

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32
Q

Destructive waves

A

These waves erode a beach (weak swash, strong backwash)
Created in stormy conditions in winter
High frequency 10-14 waves per min

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33
Q

Constructive waves

A

These waves build a beach strong swash weak backwash.
Low frequency 6-8 waves per min
Summer conditions
Long compared to height

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34
Q

Formation of coves

A

Has to be on a concord ant coastline
Has to be a joint which gets exploited
Hard rock eroded slowly by hydraulic action and abrasion
Reaches soft rock which erodes quickly and widens forming a cove
Erosion slows when it reaches hard rock

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35
Q

Old harrys rock is located in and made out of

A

Swanage and is made out of sedimentary rock

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36
Q

Story of Old Harry Rocks

A

Sea attacks joint&faults in headland, opening up a crack
As the crack is further eroded a sea cave is formed
If cave is eroded through the headland an arch is formed in which you can see through
The weather and sea attacks the stack until a stump is left whcih if often covered by the water during high tide

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37
Q

Retreat of hard rock cliffs (wave cut notch and platform)

A

Sea attacks the base of cliff
Wave cut notch if formed by erosional processes such as abrasion & hydraulic action
As the notch increases in size the cliff becomes more unstable and falls leading to the retreat of the cliff face
Backwash carries away the eroded material creating wave cut platform
Process repeats

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38
Q

Attrition

A

Wearing down of rocks as they hit each other and river bed

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39
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Breaking away of river bed and banks by the sheer force of water getting into the joint

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40
Q

Solution

A

Water dissolves minerals from the rock and washes then away (slightly acidic water)

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41
Q

4 erosional processes

A

Abrasion attrition solution hydraulic action

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42
Q

What causes waves

A

Wind

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43
Q

Fetch

A

The distance which the wind blows the waves. Larger the fetch the larger the wave

44
Q

Why do waves break

A

Due to the increase of friction of the waves as it touches the sand and slows down. Top of the wave becomes higher and steeper till it toppled over.

45
Q

Long shore drift

A

Swash hit beach at an angle due to the prevailing wind

46
Q

Prevailing wind

A

Dominant wind direction usually south west England

47
Q

How does long shore drift create bay/lagoon/salt marsh etc

A

Long shore drift moves sediment along beach
Due to the position of the bay & headland sand begins to build up past the headland eventually forming a spit behind which a salt marshes can be found.
If the conditions are correct the spit extends to the other headland creating a bar which then means it is a lagoon not a bay as it is closed off . Salt marshes form behind the air and sand dunes may form as well.

48
Q

Hurst Castke spit location and case study and explanation

A

South coast of England
Northeast of the Isle of Wight
West of France
Long shore drift occurred forMing a spit

49
Q

Global warming effects coastal flooding

A

Temp rise causes melting ice cause increase in sea level

Water gets warmer due to temp rise so water expands creating an increase in the volume of ice

50
Q

Storm surges in east anglia case study about and when

A

Rising sea levels and 1953&2013

51
Q

What is a storm surge

A

Rise in sea level due to severe storms (low pressure system) causing heightened waves driven onshore by sting wind called wind drift

52
Q

Storm surges social effect

A

40,000 homeless
41 dead in Felixstowe - 13 children
24,000 homes damaged

53
Q

Storm surges economic effect

A

200 miles of railway out of action
Estimated damage is £1.2bn
Infrastructure destroyed
Power stations and gas works out of action

54
Q

Storm surges environmental effect

A

160,000 acres of land unsubtle for several years

160,000 dectacres of agricultural land flooded with salt water

55
Q

Storm surges responses

A

Flood defence system for London created
32,000 evacuated
Sea wall + groynes were installed
Official service from MET office

56
Q

Storm surges the future

A

Estimated 1 in 50 yrs will become 1 in 20 yrs
Beaches,spits and deltas will be erided faster
Rise of 50cm of sea means defences will be useless in East Anglia & London

57
Q

Case study of interaction of human and physical processes name

A

Happisburgh

58
Q

Happisburgh location

A

On coast of North Sea
South east England
North east of Cambridge and London

59
Q

What is causing happisburgh

A

Long fetch across North Sea generates powerful storm waves. Narrow beaches mean little protection from storms, sea level rise and climate change will drastically speed up the destruction of happisburgh

60
Q

Happisburgh attempts to reduce coastal erosion

A

Timber groynes from 1950 destroyed in 2000
Coastal defence scheme scrapped in 2006
“Buy a boulder” fundraising to create rock amour for happisburgh

61
Q

Happisburgh impact upon people and environment

A

12 the century church may be lost
67% of agricultural land will be lost
Only privately run lighthouse will be lost in the UK
850 people
Happisburgh protects the Northen Broads (national park) from flooding

62
Q

Hard engineering

A

A technique involving the construction of significant man made structures to manage the coastline

63
Q

Hard engineering positives and negatives in general

A

Expensive Ugly

effective Destroys natural habitat

64
Q

Soft engineering

A

A technique involving the construction of more environmentally friendly, less damaging and arguably more sustainable management solutions.

65
Q

Soft engineering positives and negatives in general

A

Cheaper

Doesn’t destroy habitats Less effective

66
Q

Cost benefit analysis

A

Cos vs benefit of what is being saved

67
Q

Example of hard engineering structures

A

Rock armour
Sea wall
Groynes
Gabon’s - cages of boulder

68
Q

Examples of soft engineering

A

Dune regeneration
Marshes
Beach nourishment

69
Q

ICZM stands for and description

A

Integrated coastal zone management

Involved making different choices about the whole stretch of coast

70
Q

Smp stands for and description

A

Shoreline management plan

Builds on the knowledge of coastal environment and takes public interest into account

71
Q

Choices to be made about coastal management and description

A

Hold the line - defences in place
Advance the line - put defence at sea and add beaches
Strategic Realignment - move affected companies and businesses
managed retreat - Do nothing

72
Q

3 courses of a river and characteristics (use Bradshaw model)

A

Upper- v shaped valley,waterfalls, narrow,slow,large load particles,small load,slope angle is large, small discharge
Middle-meander,ox bow lake, load particle size decreases, load increases, channel depth & width increases, larger discharge
Lower- delta,largest width, depth and load quantity. Load particle size is the smallest and so is the slope angle. Highest discharge

73
Q

4 processes in river, name which course(S) and a description

A

Traction-large rocks are dragged along the rock bed - UPPER
Saltation- pebbles licked up and dropped again creating skipping motion- MIDDLE
Solution - dissolved chemicals are carried MIDDLE
Suspension- tiny particles are carried suspended within the rivers current MIDDLE & LOWER

74
Q

4 erosional processes in river and which course

A

Solution -alkaline rocks are dissolved by acidic rain water in lower course
Attrition - rock and stone rub against each other in middle & lower
Abrasion - sand & pebbles are dragged across the river bed in upper
Hydraulic action - fast flowing water is forced into cracks breaking banka part in upper course

75
Q

Why is the discharge of a river

A

Volume of water flowing at one point in m cubed per second

76
Q

Formation of meander

A

The river begins to gain energy in the middle course so moves to find the easiest path through the rock. It will erode the soft rock and all the water will rush that way creating a bend we call a meander

77
Q

Description of flows in meander

A

Thalweg - fastest flow on the outside of the bend, eroding the bank and creates a river cliff and undercutting
Slowest flow runs along the inside of the meander where deposition occurs due to a lack of energy creating a slip slope of a river beach
Helicodiak flo- runs down the middle and twists like a coiled spring due to the intersection of thalweg and slowest flow at meanders.

78
Q

Formation of ox bow lake

A

Meander erodes at the neck due to location of thalweg
Erosion continues till only a thing strip is left
Flood occurs completely eroding the neck making a more efficient way to travel.
Deposited material begins to form a barrier between ox bow and river
Eventually trapped water dries out and vegetation begins to gro leavening a meander scar

79
Q

What is alluvian

A

A mineral that makes land fertile

80
Q

Lateral erosion

A

The widening of a rivers banks due to erosion

81
Q

Courses of a river that are tidal are

A

Lower course

82
Q

Key features of the lower course

A

Flood plains
Levees
Deltas

83
Q

Floodplain

A

Flat area of land that the river spills into

84
Q

Levee description and formation

A

A small ridge or raised level of deposited material on the banks of a river can be natural or man made
Flooding occurs and sediment is deposited, after repeated flooding natural levees are built

85
Q

Delta formation + types & description

A

Formed when a river deposits sediment faster than the sea can remove
Fan-shaped - like a fan - river niger
Cuspate - arrow like land jutting into sea - river Ebro
Bird Foot - bird foot shape - Mississippi

86
Q

Order & explanation of the water/hydrological cycle

A

Precipitation - when water vapour cools & turns into liquid
Interception - water is prevented from reaching the surface due to vegetation. Evaporation and transpiration (water lost through pores in vegetation) occurs
Some is then stored as surface storage and runs off to sea called surface run off
Infiltration - water sinks into the soil from ground surface
Some is then absorbed as soil moisture which then runs to the sea called through flow (flow of water soil layer parallel to the surface)
Percolation - water seeps deeper below surface
Some then seeps further and is stored as ground water. Ground water flows downstream to the sea.

87
Q

Transpiration

A

Water is lost through pores in vegetation

88
Q

Why is the lower course most prone to flooding?

A

More disgpchatge, low lying, tidal, flood plains

89
Q

What is a flood

A

Occurs when the water in a river over flows it’s banks due to an increase in discharge

90
Q

Reasons for floods

A

Antecedent rainfall
Geology-impermeable surfaces create surface run off
Lack of vegetation means less interception
Steep valley sudds
High drainage density

91
Q

Key terms and explanations relevant to flood hydrographs

A

Base line - average discharge
Receding limb - decrease in discharge
Rising limb - increase in discharge
Lag time - time between peak rainfall and perk discharge; shorter lag time more risk of flood

92
Q

Boscastle location

A

South west England in Cornwall
Near Bristol Channel
Bread Plymouth, north of penzanze, and south west of Exeter

93
Q

Boscastle facts

A 
800 people 
600 year old cafe (most pictured in England ) 
Steep valleys 
Confluence of 3 rivers 
16th August 2004 
11km wide storm 
1.5bn litres 
Biggest airlift since ww2
Lasted 2 hrs
94
Q

Boscastle physical causes

A

The flooding coincided with the high tide
Confluence of 3 rivers Valency, Jordan & Paradise
Higher than average rainfall - Boscastle received 25% more than normal
Antecedent Rainfall - ground was saturated due to 2 previous consecutive weeks of rainfall

95
Q

Boscastle human causes

A

Lots of impermeable surface eg: concrete so more surface run off
Trees & vehicles blocked the river channel under a bridge causing the river to burst its banks
Lack of flood defences and old/small drainage systems

96
Q

Boscastle responses

A 
Widened rivers
Large donations 
Investment in prediction o flash floods 
LOW BRIDGES REMOVED 
£4.6 BN FLOOD DEFENCE SCHEME 
FARMING ON VALLEY
97
Q

Boscastle economic impacts

A

Cost of rescue operation
Loss of 50 cars
Damage to homes, businesses & land
Loss of tourism - major scourge of income for locals

98
Q

Boscastle environmental impacts

A

Environmental damage to local wildlife

Coastal pollution as debris & fuel floated out to sea

99
Q

Boscastle social impacts

A

Long term disruption as major rebuilding project was conducted
Long term stress & anxiety

100
Q

Boscastle case study is for

A

Flash floods (rivers)

101
Q

Somerset levels : Moorland case study for

A

Future river flooding

102
Q

Location of Somerset levels/moorland

A

West of England and south of Bristol,d and north of illchester
Within Somerset popular towns are Glastonbury and minehead
Most affected are was moorland in south central
Coastside of Bristol Channel

103
Q

Somerset levels background information

A 
Lowest lying areas in UK 
Max above 8m above sea level 
Seven rivers drain into levels
Bristol Channel also floods 
2 serious floods in 2014
104
Q

Somerset levels physical causes

A

More sever gales since 1871
235% more rainfall than an average winter
Jet streams were located in southern England in 2014

105
Q

Somerset levels human causes

A

Less dredging of river channels
Levees (man made) made situation worse as river had adjusted to new banks
Landscape was changed from wetlands to agricultural

106
Q

Somerset levels the future

A

Climate change will bring more storms & damaging winds
Higher tides will result in more storm surges
Higher and longer lasting river floods is twice as likely.

107
Q

Somerset levels main causes/future

A

12 major storms in 2014
Landscape was changed from wetlands to housing
Coinage change will bring in more storms & damaging winds

Geography GCSE (7 decks)

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