Devlopment Dynamics Flashcards
What is development
A process of change that affects people’s life. May include na improvement in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing the change.
Social ways of measuring development
Health,wealth and education levels measured by life expectancy (HDI)
NHS measured by doctors per 10,000
Fair legal system measured by Corruption Perecption Index
Safe drinking water - % of people with access drinking water
Political ways of measuring development
Free speech measured by amount of people jailed due to speaking out
Democracy measured by corruption perception index CPI
HDI is
The human development index which combines wealth health and education on a scale 0-1 the higher the better
Dependency ratio
Proportion of people below and above the normal working age
Life expectancy
Average number of years a person can be expected to live
Maternal mortality
Number of mothers that die during child birth
Fertility rate
Average number of births per woman
Birth rate
Number of live births per 1000 people per year
Infant mortality
Number of children per 1000 per year that did before their first birthday
Death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 per year
Largest age group of Malawi compared to largest of uk
Birth rate comparison
Infant mortality rate comparison
0-4 is Malawi because they are less likely to survive they have more babies unlike UK who has the most 45-49 age in pop
Birth rate is low in UK due to access to contraception and woman focusing on careers whilst high in Malawi to lack of these and babies are less likely to survive
Infant mortality rate is high in Malawi due to lack of hospitals and low in UK
Infant mortality numbers fro Malawi and UK
Life expectancy numbers
Birth rate numbers
48 and 4.4
60 and 80.4
41.8 and 12.2
Malawi’s population pyramid
Traditional pyramid shape
Means increase pressure on schools
High death rates
UK population pyramid
Less like pyramid shape.
Increased pressure on health care due to ageing population
Low birth rate due to contraception @nd change in the role of woman
Declining workforce so pressure on budgets or funds
What is the Brandt line
A curved line made by a German chancellor in the 1980s mostly spreading the northern hemisphere classed as developed and the southern as undeveloped with the exception of Australia
Criticisms of the Brandt line
- certain parts of countries are more developed
- doesn’t take into account population which skews GDP
- doesn’t take developing countries or BRICs into account
- world has changed science 1980s
- natural disasters are not considered
- Greece is in debt yet is classified as developed
HIC def,meaning and examples
High income country which is wealthy and generally in the northern hemisphere eg usa and UK
LIC def, meaning and examples
Low income country - poor generally in Southern Hemisphere for example Nigeria or Zambia
MIC def, meaning and examples
Middle income countries - countries that have a lot of raw materials like Brazil or chile or Ecuador
NICS def, meaning and examples
Growth is due to relocation of manufacturing overseas for example Singapore or Malaysia or South Korea
Newly industrialising countries
Rostows theory fo development general facts/description
Rostow was anti communist and made thee theory of development in the 1950s and it has 5 stages that describe the way a country will develop
Steps of rostows theory
Traditional Development-subsistence farming, same as ancestors,small trade between locals
Pre Conditioned take off- Banks,public transport,sewage facilities
Take off - textile industry develops, individuality starts,materialistic habits
Drive to maturity: global companies, skilled workers, expensive products
Age of mass consumption- luxuries become nessecities, high profit, high income,service sector jobs
Criticisms rostows theory are
Oversimplified and too old
New scientific developments mean there may be new ways to develop
Reflects European and American development may differ for Asia
Western countries took advantage of other countries through colonisation
General facts about Franks dependency theory
Made in 1967 and separates the world into two sectors; the core and the periphery
All about the core of frank dependancy theory
15% of the worlds population enjoy 75% of the world income for example Canada, USA,UK
These countries have expensive products better jobs and healthcare and education
They are takers.
Development in core is due to exploitation of the periphery
Core processes raw materials into high valued products
All about the periphery of Franks dependency theory
Periphery are dependent on core yo process raw materials from the periphery
Countries are Brazil, Malawi
Criticisms of frank theory are
It is stagnant hence does not show how a country can progress through the stages
Less detail but simpler to understand
2 social reasons that global inequality exists are
Diseases and poor healthcare
2 environmental reasons global inequality exists are
Flooding and landlocked countries
2 political reasons global inequality exists are
Unstable governments and corruption
2 historical reasons global inequality exists are
Empires and colonialism
2 economical reasons global inequality exists are
Import tariffs and subsidies fro richer countries
What is the capital of Malawi
Lilongwe
Physical reasons why Malawi is poor
Landlocked and 87% of Malawi’s population is rural so it takes hours to get anywhere
Political reasons why Malawi is poor
Britain colonised Malawi and Britain still makes profit from their tea plantations
Environmental reasons Malawi is poor
Increase air pollution traffic congestion in capital increases
Increased water pollution as squatter settlement with no sanitation have grown rapidly
Droughts
Economic reasons global inequality exist
Malawi import more than it exports so has very poor trade terms. EU puts high tariffs on coffee which decreases Malawi’s profit
Neo-colonialism
Country has gained independence but the country that colonised it still hold power
Globalisation
The world is getting increasingly more connected to each other
Top-down development
Schemes that are funded by large companies or decisions that are made by the govt to dev,op the country. Locals have no say in the matter.
Bottom up development
Local people are involved in order to make their everyday lives better eg NGOs
Where is the three gorges dam and why was it built
In the Yangtze River, China which is the largest in Asia and 3rd largest in the world. It was built to reduce oil dependancy and to increase the us e of hydroelectric power.
Social benefits and problems of three gorges dam
Benefits are:220 million people are protected from flooding and there is hydroelectric power fro over 13million people
Problems are: 330 million people die if it bursts and 1.7million people had to relocate of which many are homeless, fishermen ordered to leave and can not make money and cultural monuments were lost.
Environmental benefits and problems of three gorges dam are
Benefits - replaced a coal power station hence reduced 150 million tonnes of emissions and is 10% of china’s total power supply and it is renewable energy
Problems are - silt May block reservoir, sewage build within the reservoir, White Flag dolphin may become extinct.
Economic benefits and problems of three gorges dam
Benefits - cuts financial loss of floods and shipping is easier and safer.
Problems are - afforestation needed to reduce sediment which is expensive and it cost £25million to build
Long term effects of three gorges are
Resentment and extinction of species
Social benefits and problems due to water aid
Benefits are-20 schools have double latrines for 400 boys and 300 girls. 20 water points benefit 5000 people in Zambia.
Problems- After pumps are installed there is no money to maintain them so locals drink unsafe water again. Corrupt gifts mean that money doesn’t always reach the locals.
Environmental benefits due to water aid
For 40 years school children drink the same water as animals from watering holes.
Economic benefits and problems due to water aid
Benefits are- 218 people are trained in artisan skills so may be able to earn little money.
Problems are- 215 million and 360 million usd has been wasted on infrastructure that has since collapsed. In 2014 73million usd was donated to water aid yet there are people without safe water.
Intermediate technology and water aid
Uses low tech solutions and local materials to solve problems
Ways to define developments and examples
HIC
MIC
NIC
LIC
DEVELOPING- MALAWI
EMERGING- INDIA
DEVELOPED UK
Ways to measure development are
Brandt line
Rostows theory
Tanks dependancy theory
Population pyramid
Environmental impacts for the change of population in India
Air pollution- 3787 deaths due to toxic aid when a plant exploded. Over 8000 have died this year due to gas related issues.
Water pollution- floating cremations and etc polluted Ganges but people still bathe in it. 1bn litres of sewage go in it everyday.
Electronic waste- 100,000 computers and mobiles thrown away each year and people are paid £1 a day to sort it se people die from toxins in the electronic material
Difficulty ind supposing waste- tot,any unplanned shanty towns make it hard to collect trash, many industrial compainies get away with polluting the environment because they are creating jobs and the poor people who pick it up fall sick
Ways the location of India helps it to develop
It’s has a large coastline which means it can easily transport goods via sea which is 10x less expensive than by air. This means that trade is very easy. It is close to China which is the worlds largest manufacturer exporter so can trade easily and is close to UAE which is rich and would buy goods from India.
Many companies outsource their call centres to India. Show positives of this and state whether reasons are social economic or environmental
Economic -30-40% of growth a year in this sector. Over 200 companies outsource to India so lots of jobs. In 2008 7bn usd was made from call centres alone.
Many companies outsource their call centres to India. Show negatives of this and state whether reasons are social economic or environmental
Social - they are expected to work 6 days a week and are expected at amzon to answer 8000 emails per day whilst answering calls.
Lack of company know,edge and people are worried about security. Linguistic barriers. They are experiencing a cultural loss and have to change their names and lose their accents and love America.
Maharashtra facts
2nd largest port Most people work in service industry 10 trillion rupees gdp 104,004 gdp per capita rupees Lots of investment hence improvement eg apartments 77.27% literacy rate Film industry is located there
Bihar facts
86% of the populations is rural and works in subsistence farming
Only 1/3 of children reach primary school
Still follow traditional caste system
Can’t afford basic services
No investment so no improvement in
Bihar
45% literacy rate
Why is there such a lack of development in Bihar compared to Maharashtra
Bihar is surrounded by mountains and landlocked so has no port unlike Maharashtra
No film industry in Bihar
Subsistence farming so no investment unlike Maharashtra
Different government plans to develop India are
Tourism, education, healthcare, infrastructure, urbanisation and power
Tourism in India
Annual growth of 6.9%
10 million from foreign tourists
People are worried about unchecked growth
Infrastructure in India
101 airports 35,000govt hospitals
8500 trainstations
5000 acres of solar panels in Gujarat
Companies can easily locate to India
Urbanisation in India
More jobs due to large cities and plans on developing healthcare etc
Education in India
Children have the right to free education
69% of Indians are secondary level graduates
25% are uni level
Rural areas can go online for uni so they don’t have to travel or relocate
Healthcare in India
National rule health mission for rural areas
18,000 people are helped
More accessible yet needs to improve
Power for India
Increase the growth of the agricultural industry is the purpose of the 11th plan
- 4% in cities have electricity
- 63% have electricity in the country side
Foreign direct investment is where money is sent overseas who is India’s largest fdi
UK and vice versa
Geopolitical influence
The way a country’s geography and economy affect its relationship and economy with other countries.
Links for India
G-20
BRICS
U.N. security council
Most important are with Pakistan and the eu
Other ways for India. To develop are
Raising taxes for tncs, new climate change agreement, large dam, more business parks
