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Geography GCSE > Hazourdous Earth:Inside The earth > Flashcards

Hazourdous Earth:Inside The earth Flashcards

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1
Q

Facts about the crust

A

0-60km thick
Outer layer of earth
2 types of crust : continental and oceanic

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2
Q

Facts about the lithosphere

A

Uppermost layer
Includes crust and top of mantle
Cool and brittle
Viscous

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3
Q

Facts about the mantle

A 
Middle layer 
Crust and core 
2900km thick 
Two large section: upper- viscous 
Lower- reaches outer core
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4
Q

Facts about asthenosphere

A

Part of the mantle

Hot semi molten layer beneath tectonic plate

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5
Q

Facts about the outer core

A

Liquid layer
Made up of iron and nickel
2600km radius
4000-5700 degrees Celsius

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6
Q

Inner core

A 
Solid 
Iron and nickel 
Hottest part of earth 
4000-5700 degrees Celsius 
Like engine room of earth
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7
Q

Two reasons why earths crust is unstable

A
  • convection currents.This is because magma rises from the mantle due to the heat emitted from the core which causes heated rock to rise and carry the plate.
  • earths crust is split into tectonic plates which means there are cracks in whic magma can move the plate easily however if there was only one plate(they were all joined up) it would be unab,e to move.
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8
Q

Two differences between asthenosphere and lithosphere

A

The asthenosphere is a semi molten layer where as L is cool and brittle. This is due to the location as A is part of the mantle which is closer to the core of the earth causing it to be hot unlike L which is further away hence cool and brittle.

A is closer top core so hotter meaning it’s rocks are plastic and flow easily however rocks in L are rigid as it is away from heat from the core of. The earth.

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9
Q

Facts about oceanic crust

A 
Carries water 
Very thin 1-3 mikes 
Made of basalt 
Dense doesn’t float 
Chemically different from mantle basalt
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10
Q

Facts about continental crust

A

Forms the land
Made of thick granite
30-50 km deep
Not as dense oceanic crust

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11
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Elements that are naturally unstable give off heat ie: uranium

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12
Q

Steps of movement of earths plates

A

Heat source from core
Heat moves toward surface in plumes
Semi molten rock spreads out carrying plate
The magma cools down and sinks to be reheated

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13
Q

Continental drift

A

250 million years Argo all land masses were clustered together into a supercontinent called Pangea. These then slowly moved away to form the land massses we know today

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14
Q

Different plate names and how their plates move and what plates involved

A

Collision - move toward each other - oceanic continental
Divergent - move away from each other - oceanic oceanic
Conservative- slide past (largest earthquakes) - continental
Convergent - one moves under - continental continental

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15
Q

Hotspot volcanoes facts

A

Magma rises through mantle and melts through Lithosphere, forming a volcanoe.
This only happens in so,places due to Lithospheres thickness varying.

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16
Q

Facts about composite volcanoes

A

Wavy cone shape
Sticky viscous lava
Ash and rock bombs and poisonous gases like nitrogen oxide
Rare
6 on Richter scale
Convergent
Pacific and Phillip ends continents plate (Mt pintabu

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17
Q

Shield volcanoes facts

A 
Low wide cone (broad peak) 
Runny lava 
Very gentle 
Frequent 
Divergent 
South American and African plates (queen Mary)
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18
Q

General description of earthquake

A

Tectonic plates are stuck together and friction is building up due to convection currents. Suddenly it moves and a burst of energy is released.

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19
Q

Steps for earthquake

A

1) movement of tectonic plates
2) concentrated along fault line which is fracture in earth crust
3) friction builds up along the plate boundaries as the move against each other until finally energy is released which is sent out as shock waves.

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20
Q

Focus is

A

Below the ground, actual place of energy eruption

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21
Q

Epicentre is

A

Closest place straight above focus on earth crust

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22
Q

The earthquakes energy Is released in

A

Seismic waves

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23
Q

Determine volcanic eruptions

A

Thermal imaging- temp of volcanoes will increase
Lasers - detect bulging crater
Seismator- measure vibrations or tremor
Measure gases

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24
Q

Determine earthquake

A

Lasers- plate movement

Seismometer - vibrations of earth

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25
Q

Each level on richter scale is

A

10x more than the other

26
Q

Richter scale is what type of scale

A

A logoarithimatic scale

27
Q

General tsunami causes

A

Convergent plate movement causes earthquake
Sea above focus is forced upwards
Sea movement causes tsunami
In shallow water speed decreases but height increases
Waves crash into shore devastation low lying area

28
Q

Sunspot theory

A

Sun has sunspots (black areas on the sun surface that are more active than usual
Warmer periods such as the medieval periods may be due to change in sunspot activity
More sunspots more energy from sun

29
Q

The asteroid collision

A

Asteroids strike earth every 500,000 years

It blasts ash, gases, and dust into the atmosphere which blacks th daunting and cools the earth

30
Q

The eruption theory

A

Short term
Ash and gases rise high and spread around the earth in the stratosphere due to high level winds
Blanket of ash and gas stops sunlight reaching the earth which cools it

31
Q

The orbital theory

A

Earths orbit is oblong not a perfect circle so during the orbit the earth may be closer or further away from the sun
The earths axis is tilted
The earths axis wobbles

32
Q

Evidence of climate change

A

Tree rings - eaxch ring is a years growth space between the ring tells us how good climate was for tree
Historical sources eg photos paintings diaries
Ice cores - air bubbles are trapped in it - measure amount of co2 trapped in it

33
Q

Enhanced green house effect

A

The impact of additional heat being retained due to increased amounts of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases that humans have released into the atmosphere

34
Q

Economic reactions to climate change

A

Crop yields could improve in east and south east Asia

European areas will have less tourists due to snow

35
Q

Social reactions to climate change

A

South and Central Europe. Will have health crisis due to heat stroke
Traditional ways of life cease as sea levels rise and temp increases
Refugees of climate increase

36
Q

Environmental reactions to climate change

A 
Loss of organisms 
Sea levels rise 
Stringer and more frequent hurricanes 
More droughts 
Reduction of sea ice
37
Q

LEDC case study earthquakes

A

Haiti

38
Q

Location of Haiti earthquake

A

Epicentre was 25km away from Port au Prince (conservative earthquake)
Same island as Dominican republican

39
Q

Key facts Haiti earthquake

A

12th Jan 16:53 magnitude of 7.5

40
Q

Haiti primary effects

A

230,000 people died
300,000 injured
Hospitals and key govt buildings destroyed
Electrical supplies damaged
International airport unusable
Prison destroyed allowing 4000 inmates to escape

41
Q

Haiti secondary effects

A

Disease and cholera due to poor sanitation
Mass graves
Economical collapse

42
Q

Immediate response to Haiti earthquake

A

Public dub each other out due to lack of army
Looting due to delays in aid
4.3 million people provided food and water
Mass graves

43
Q

Long term responses to Haiti earthquake

A

100 million usd from USA
300 million by EU
Water and sanitation for 1.7million people
Healthcare supplies

44
Q

Why did so many people die in Haiti earthquake

A

No earthquake proof buildings COD mo money so it fell down immediately

45
Q

What hindered the response to haiti earthquake

A

Poor so relied on aid which takes a long time to reach
No guard so harder to rescue people
Lack of earthquake proof buildings

46
Q

MEDC case study earthquake

A

Japan

47
Q

Japan earthquake and tsunami location

A

Off the east coast of Japan

Near miyaoi and Sendai

48
Q

Japan earthquake key facts

A 
2:45pm 11th March 
Largest in the countries history with a magnitude of 9.1
Affected Sendai, Tokyo and Kenasura 
20ft high tsunami travelling at 500kmph 
There were warnings
49
Q

Japans capacity to cope

A 
High
40% of coast has a 10m high sea wall
Hazard agency dedicated to tsunamis meant people knew 20 mins before 
Trained from a young age 
Earthquake proof buildings
50
Q

Japan primary effects

A

1700 people dead
Many missing
Four million without power
1 million without water

51
Q

Japan secondary effects

A

15bn USD lost
Radiation exposure of three workers in Fukushima plant
21,500 living in govt shelters
Fears of nuclear plant meltdown

52
Q

Japan immediate response

A

340,000 displaced needing water and food and essentials
Self defence forces reacted saving lives
11bn USD donated in aid

53
Q

Japan long term response

A

Within 6 days 3motor way was repaired and within a year the county was back to normal cos they already had long term measures in place

54
Q

Ocean currents

A

In North America cold salty water is dense so sinks, forming a convection current that drags warm water from Gulf of Mexico near the equator down, which cools and sinks near Greenland seas then flows to the equator where it is warmed up again

55
Q

High pressure

A

Dry and hot weather cos air is sinking

56
Q

Low pressure

A

Cold and wet cos air is rising

57
Q

Global circulation model

A

Cold dry air descends at the polar cell
At the start of ferrel cell warm moist air is rising
At the end of ferrel is is descending cos it’s cold & dry
Rises, descend then rises in three Hadley cells
Then descends in ferrel

58
Q

The ferrel cell is thermally direct true or false

A

False indirect cos it is powered by Hadley and polar

59
Q

Explain why some areas of Africa are desert and some are rainforest

A

Desert - on a high pressure belt brings dry,hot climate in subtropical belt
Rainforest - low pressure belt brings wet climate

60
Q

How do greenhouse gases affect temperature

A

Some long wave radiation from earth to space is reflected off the gases hitting earth and heating it up

61
Q

ICTZ

A

In tropics two large air masses converge and Hadley cells on either side move together

Geography GCSE (7 decks)

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