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Gov & Politics > UK Political Parties > Flashcards

UK Political Parties Flashcards

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1
Q

What fraction of the time have the Conservatives been in power since 1900?

A

Around 2/3

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2
Q

What year did the Conservative party originate?

A

1834

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3
Q

What groups did the Conservative party originally draw their support from?

A
  • The landowning aristocracy
  • The Church of England
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4
Q

Origins of One-Nation Conservatism

A

Benjamin Disraeli (Victorian PM)

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5
Q

Values of One-Nation Conservatism

A
  • The duty of priviliged people and those in power is to act wisely
  • Moderate social reforms
  • Patriotism
  • Pragmatic change over time
  • Paternalism
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6
Q

What is paternalism?

A
  • Respect towards those in authority
  • Limiting people’s liberties for their own good
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7
Q

What does Butskellite mean?

A

Term which describes the post-war consensus between Labour and the Conservatives that endured until the 1970s

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8
Q

Why did the Conservatives move further to the centre following WWII?

A

The 1945 Labour landslide suggested a nation which needed radical reforms. With the establishment of the welfare state and NHS, the Conservatives had to accept these if they ever wanted to be elected again

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9
Q

Key ideologies of Butskellite Conservatives?

A
  • Pro-European
  • More accepting of a welfare system
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10
Q

Which Conservative PM joined the EEC in 1973?

A

Edward Heath

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11
Q

Which party was originally more Eurosceptic?

A

Labour

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12
Q

What are the values of traditional Conservatives?

A
  • Emphasis on key institutions such as the Church and nuclear family
  • Firm immigration policy
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13
Q

Which Home Secretary promised to create a ‘hostile environment’ for immigrants?

A

Theresa May

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14
Q

Example of a backbench rebellion from traditional Conservatives?

A

In 2016 there was an attempt to extend the Sunday working hours. This was squashed by a backbench rebellion.

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15
Q

What was different about Thatcherism compared to other Conservative ideologies?

A

It was radical and wanted more extreme reforms. This is different to the standard pragmatic Conservative approach

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16
Q

Key values of Thatcherism

A
  • Individual freedom, particularly economic
  • Reducing trade union power
  • Emphasis on personal responsibility
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17
Q

4 ideologies in the Conservative party

A
  • Thatcherism
  • One-Nation
  • Butskellite / Post-war consensus
  • Traditional
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18
Q

Examples of Thatcherite policies in the modern Conservative party

A
  • Everyone who can work should work and cracking down on welfare state
  • Remove influence of foreign power (EU) and focus on individual sovereignty
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19
Q

Examples of traditional Conservative policies in the modern Conservative party

A
  • 20,000 additional police and tougher punishments for criminals
  • Points-based immigration system
  • Maintain voting age at 18
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20
Q

Examples of Butskellite policies in the modern Conservative party

A
  • Extra funding for the NHS
  • Tacking climate change
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21
Q

Example of One-Nation policies in the modern Conservative party

A
  • Maintaining pension triple lock
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22
Q

Main divisions within the Conservative party

A
  • Europhiles and Eurosceptics
  • Social liberals and social conservatives
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23
Q

What year was the Labour party formed?

A

1900

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24
Q

Key aspects of economic socialism

A
  • Strong welfare state
  • Nationalising industries
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25
Q

Examples of industries that were nationalised by Labour in the 1950s

A
  • Coal mining
  • Iron and steel industries
  • Travel agent Thomas Cook
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26
Q

What is trade unionism?

A

A political movement in the Labour party which aims to strengthen trade unions and therefore create strong workers rights

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27
Q

Why has the power of trade unions decreased since the 80s?

A
  • Conservative reforms in the 80s
  • Shift in industry from the secondary to tertiary sector
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28
Q

What is globalist internationalism?

A

A Labour faction which is opposed to war and promotes peace and disarmament. Anti-Nationalist and believe countries should be able to work together to achieve global change

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29
Q

What are the origins of New Labour?

A

A need to modernise the Labour party following 18 years of Conservative rule. Pioneered by Blair

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30
Q

What are some of the values of New Labour?

A
  • Accepting some of Thatchers changes and finding a middle ground between socialism and free-market capitalism
  • Wanted a profitable country where profits are used to benefit society as a whole
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31
Q

What is Clause IV of the Labour constitution?

A
  • Originally a commitment to large-scale nationalisation
  • Changed by Blair to be a ‘market economy which serves the needs of the nation’
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32
Q

Example of some Blairite policies in the 2019 Labour manifesto

A
  • Raising minimum wage
  • Hold a second Brexit referendum
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33
Q

Examples of some 2019 Labour policies which followed economic socialism

A
  • Renationalising some industries such as energy and railways
  • Scrapping tuition fees
  • Increasing the health budget by 4.3%
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34
Q

Examples of 2019 Labour policies which followed global internationslism

A
  • Have a humane immigration system
35
Q

What year did the Liberal Democrats form?

A

1988

36
Q

What two parties merged to form the Liberal Democrats?

A

Social Democratic Party
Liberal Party

37
Q

Why was the Social Democratic Party formed in 1981?

A

From a number of Labour MPs who believed that Labour had shifted too far to the left. They particularly opposed the policy of nuclear disarmament

38
Q

What are the key values of the Liberal Democrats?

A
  • Strong commitment to the EU and Europe
  • Constitutional reform (new voting system)
  • Human rights and freedoms
39
Q

What was the Liberal Democrats’ stance on Brexit in 2019?

A

Wanted to completely stop the Brexit process

40
Q

What was the Liberal Democrats’ policy on voting rights in 2019?

A
  • Wanted to introduce STV for electing MPs
  • Extending the franchise to 16-year-olds
41
Q

What was the Liberal Democrat’s policy on taxation in 2019?

A
  • Increase corporation tax from 17% to 20%
  • Tough action against tax evasion
42
Q

How many seats did the Lib Dems win in 2019?

A

11 (-1)

43
Q

How many seats did the Lib Dems win in 2010?

A

57

44
Q

Local level structure of the Conservative party

A

Local Conservative Associations

45
Q

Local level structure of the Labour party

A

Each constituency has a Constituency Labour Party

46
Q

Local level structure of the Liberal Democrats

A

Organised along federal lines with separate branches for Wales, Scotland etc.

47
Q

3 stages for candidate selection (for all parties)

A
  1. Get on party’s list of centrally approved candidates
  2. Apply to be shortlisted at a local branch
  3. Win vote of local party members
48
Q

Which party has pioneered all-women candidate shortlists?

A

Labour

49
Q

How does the Conservative party choose their leaders?

A
  1. MPs vote in a series of ballots to narrow the choice of candidates down to just two names
  2. Party members vote between the two
50
Q

How does the Labour party choose their leaders?

A
  1. MPs must get a backing of at least 10% of MPs and either 5% of constituency parties or two trade unions
  2. Party members vote using AV
51
Q

How do the Liberal Democrats choose their leaders?

A
  1. Candidates must gain support from 10% of MPs and at least 200 party members
  2. Party members vote using AV
52
Q

How did Keir Starmer win the Labour leadership in 2020?

A

He won over 50% of the votes in the first member ballot so there was no need for a second round of voting

53
Q

What percentage of first choice votes did Ed Davey get in the 2020 Lib Dem leadership race?

A

63.5%

54
Q

How many members of the Labour party were there in 2020?

A

Over 550,000 (making it the largest political party in Europe)

55
Q

How many members of the Conservative party were there in 2020?

A

160,000

56
Q

How many members of the Liberal Democrat party were there in 2020?

A

Over 100,000

57
Q

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

A
  • All parties must register with the Electoral Commission and provide financial statements
  • Parties limited at spending £30,000 per constituency
  • All donations over £7,500 must be declared
58
Q

Who was fined for breaching electoral law in 2018?

A

The Leave UK campaign were fined £70,000

59
Q

3 ways in which parties can be funded

A
  • Membership subscriptions
  • Individual donors
  • State funding
60
Q

Advantage of membership subscriptions funding parties

A
  • Fair and transparent
  • Ensures no single donor undue influence
61
Q

Disadvantage of membership subscriptions funding parties

A

It is not a sustainable source of revenue, particularly as party fees are often low

62
Q

Which unions gave Labour over £3m in 2019?

A

Unite and GMB

63
Q

Main issue with parties receiving large individual donations

A

The potential for corruption and unfair influence over government

64
Q

Example of a donor influencing government policy

A
  • Bernie Ecclestone donated £1m to Labour in 1997
  • Labour then allowed tobacco advertising to continue at Formula 1 despite it being banned at other sporting venues
65
Q

Example of a donor receiving a peerage

A

Michael Farmer had given £6.4m to the Conservative party since 2010 received a peerage

66
Q

What are Policy Development Grants?

A

£2m annual grants given to parties with at least 2 sitting MPs

67
Q

What is short money?

A

Paid to opposition parties in the HoC to help with their administrative work and providing effective scrutiny

68
Q

What is cranborne money?

A

Paid to opposition parties in the HoL to help with their administrative work and providing effective scrutiny

69
Q

How much funding did the Conservatives receive in 2019?

A

£19,300,000 (63% of total)

70
Q

How much funding from individual donors did the Conservatives receive in 2019?

A

£13,300,000

71
Q

How much funding did Labour receive in 2019?

A

£5,400,000

72
Q

Should the state fund political parties? - YES

A
  • Would allow parties to focus on representing constituents instead of pleasing donors
  • Would make parties more even as the Conservatives get greater donations than other parties
  • Radical reform is potentially needed as election acts haven’t prevented corruption allegations
73
Q

Should the state fund political parties? - NO

A
  • Voters shouldn’t have to fund parties they disagree with
  • Donation is a democratic right (one which is constitutionally protected in the US)
  • By contributing to a party, people are more politically engaged
74
Q

Who did the Sun back in the ’90s elections?

A

1992 - Major
1997 - Blair

75
Q

What is an argument against the notion that newspapers determine election outcomes?

A
  • Newspapers only reinforce existing opinions
  • Newspaper circulation has significantly fallen
76
Q

How much did each party spend on advertising in 2019?

A

Lib Dems - £1.3m
Labour - £1.9m
Conservatives - £0.9m

77
Q

What factors determine a party’s success?

A
  • Leadership
  • Policies
  • Grassroots campaign
  • Strength of opposition
  • Party unity
  • Electoral system
78
Q

Example of a policy which influenced the 2019 election outcome?

A

The Conservatives’ “Get Brexit Done” was much more appealing than Labour’s convoluted Brexit policy

79
Q

How has weak leadership hurt a party’s reputation?

A

Corbyn was seen as an extreme and weak leader which hurt the overall Labour party

80
Q

What are the two types of minor parties?

A
  • Nationalist parties
  • Single-issue parties
81
Q

How have the SNP influenced mainstream politics?

A

Without their pressure for a 2014 Scottish independence referendum, it is unlikely that Cameron would’ve entertained the idea

82
Q

How has the DUP influenced mainstream politics?

A

They entered a confidence-and-supply deal with the Conservatives in 2017

83
Q

How successful were UKIP in the 2014 European election?

A

Won over 26% of the vote, defeating the three major parties

Gov & Politics (23 decks)

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