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Gov & Politics > The EU > Flashcards

The EU Flashcards

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1
Q

EU referendum outcome

A

52% leave
48% remain

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2
Q

What year did the UK join the EEC?

A

1973

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3
Q

What is ‘integration’?

A

The process of coordinating the activities of different states through common institutions and policies

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4
Q

Define ‘supranational’

A

Having authority independent of national governments

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5
Q

What year was the European Coal and Steel Community formed?

A

1952

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6
Q

What countries originally joined the European Coal and Steel community?

A

France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg

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7
Q

What year was the European Economic Community (EEC) formed?

A

1958

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8
Q

What treaty created the European Economic Community?

A

Treaty of Rome (1958)

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9
Q

What year did the Common Agricultural Policy begin?

A

1962

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10
Q

What year did the EU customs union begin?

A

1968

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11
Q

What did the creation of a customs union do?

A
  • Internal trade barriers removed
  • Common external tariff created
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12
Q

What countries joined the EEC in 1973?

A

UK, Ireland, Denmark

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13
Q

What year did Greece join the EU?

A

1981

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14
Q

What countries joined the EU in 1986?

A

Spain and Portugal

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15
Q

What did the Single European Act (1985) introduce?

A
  • The single European market
  • QMV replaced unanimity when voting on single market legislation
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16
Q

What is Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)?

A

A voting arrangement in which proposals must win a set number of votes (over 50%) to be approved

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17
Q

What did the Maastricht Treaty (1991) change?

A

EEC became the EU

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18
Q

What is an economic and monetary union (EMU)?

A

The creation of a single currency, central bank and common monetary policy (i.e. the Euro)

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19
Q

What year did the EMU come into force?

A

1999

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20
Q

How many countries adopted the Euro in 1999?

A

11

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21
Q

How many countries currently have the Euro?

A

19

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22
Q

How many countries are currently in the EU?

A

27

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23
Q

What countries were bailed out by the EU following the financial crisis?

A

Ireland, Greece, Spain, Portugal and Cyprus

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24
Q

What is an Eurosceptic?

A

Someone who is sceptical of the EU and its authority

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25
Q

Four freedoms of the EU

A
  • Movement of goods
  • Movement of services
  • Movement of people
  • Movement of capital
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26
Q

How does the ‘free movement of goods’ operate?

A
  • Members cannot impose duties or taxes on goods from another member state
  • All goods produced in the EU must meet their minimum standards
  • Border checks and restrictions have been removed
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27
Q

How does the ‘free movement of services’ operate?

A
  • Qualifications from one EU state are recognised in others
  • Workers can offer their services anywhere in the EU
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28
Q

How does the ‘free movement of people’ operate?

A
  • EU citizens have the right to work in any EU country
  • Someone cannot be discriminated against based on their nationality (in relation to getting a job)
  • International workers should have the same rights as national workers
29
Q

How does the ‘free movement of capital’ operate?

A

Restrictions on capital movements (such as buying currency) have been removed

30
Q

How many jobs is the EU’s single market estimated to have created?

A

2.5m

31
Q

How many EU residents were living in the UK in 2014?

A

2.5m

32
Q

How many UK citizens were living elsewhere in the EU in 2016?

A

1.8m

33
Q

When did the issue of ‘free movement of people’ become a political issue in the UK?

A

Following the 2004 eastward expansion (countries like Poland and Bulgaria joined the EU), the number of migrants coming to the UK dramatically increased

34
Q

What are EU structural funds?

A

Money given to poor parts of the EU to help them develop

35
Q

What organisation manages the monetary policy for the Eurozone?

A

The European Central Bank (ECB)

36
Q

Examples of countries that opted-out of the Euro

A

Denmark, UK

37
Q

Advantages of the EU’s economic and monetary union?

A
  • Ends exchange rate uncertainty
  • Eliminates transaction costs on cross-border trade
38
Q

Disadvantages of the EU’s economic and monetary union?

A

Loss of sovereignty as national governments give away control over their currency

39
Q

What is the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000)?

A

It entrenched rights established by the European Convention on Human Rights

40
Q

How many consumers are in the EU’s single market?

A

500m

41
Q

5 EU institutions

A
  • European Commission
  • European Parliament
  • European Court of Justice
  • Council of the EU
  • European Council
42
Q

Main executive body of the EU

A

European Commission

43
Q

Roles of the European Commission

A
  • Sole right to initiate and draft legislation
  • Executes EU legislation and makes sure it is applied correctly
  • Administers EU expenditure and collects revenue
  • Represents the EU on the world state, mostly in trade negotiations
44
Q

How is the President of the European Commission chosen?

A

Nominated by the European Council and elected by the European Parliament

45
Q

How are commissioners for the European Commission chosen?

A

Nominated by national governments and approved by European Parliament

46
Q

What is the main decision making body in the EU?

A

Council of the EU

47
Q

Who is a member of the Council of the EU?

A

Government ministers from the 27 member states

48
Q

How is the President of the Council of the EU chosen?

A

Each nation takes turns to hold the presidency for 6 months

49
Q

Roles of the Council of the EU

A
  • Shares legislative power with the European Parliament
  • Coordinates the economic policy of member states
  • Develops the common foreign policy and security policy of the Union
50
Q

What is needed for a vote to pass under QMV?

A
  • At least 55% of member states vote in approval
  • Must represent 65% of the EU population
  • A blocking minority must represent at least 4 states and 35% of the EU population
51
Q

Who is on the European Council?

A

Heads of government and foreign ministers

52
Q

How many times does the European Council meet a year?

A

At least 4 times

53
Q

What is the EU’s key strategic body?

A

European Council

54
Q

Roles of the European Council

A
  • Discuss major issues
  • Sets the political direction for the EU
  • Makes key decisions on foreign policy and economy
  • Launches new initiatives and agrees to treaties
55
Q

What is the EU’s directly elected institution?

A

European Parliament

56
Q

How often are European Parliament elections?

A

Every 5 years

57
Q

How are MEPs organised in the European Parliament?

A

They sit in transnational groups based on ideology

58
Q

3 powers of the European Parliament

A
  • Legislative
  • Budgetary
  • Democratic supervision
59
Q

Why are the European Parliament’s legislative powers limited?

A

They cannon initiate legislation

60
Q

What legislative powers does the European parliament have?

A

They can amend and veto proposed legislation

61
Q

2 parts of the EU legislatature

A
  • Council of the European Union
  • European Parliament
62
Q

What EU body elects the president?

A

The European Parliament (after nomination from the European Council)

63
Q

Role of the Court of Justice of the European Union

A

Upholds EU law and ensures it is applied uniformly and effectively

64
Q

Where are most day-to-day decisions in the EU made?

A

Between the:
- European Commission
- Council of the EU
- European Parliament

65
Q

Where are most “history-making decisions” in the EU made?

A

Between the:
- European Commission
- Council of the EU
- European Parliament

66
Q

What is the ‘democratic deficit’?

A

The erosion of democratic accountability that occurs when decision-making authority is transferred from national governments to EU institutions

67
Q

Why is there a ‘distance’ between the EU and its citizens?

A

Many citizens do not understand and identify with the EU and therefore have opposed integration developments

68
Q

Is there a democratic deficit in the EU?
YES

A
  • Legislation is initiated by the European Commission which is not directly elected
  • National governments can be outvoted under QMV
  • European Parliament is not powerful enough
  • European Parliament election turnout is low

Gov & Politics (23 decks)

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