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Geography AQA > UK Physical Landscapes and Glacial Landscapes > Flashcards

UK Physical Landscapes and Glacial Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

Name some rivers in the upland areas of England

A

Tyne

Eden

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2
Q

Name some rivers in the lowland areas of England

A

River Thames

River Avon

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3
Q

What is the source of a river

A

The start of a river

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4
Q

What is the drainage basin

A

The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

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5
Q

What is the confluence

A

Where a tributary joins a larger river

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6
Q

What is the mouth of a river

A

The end of a river

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7
Q

What is watershed

A

The edge of a river basin

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8
Q

What is a tributary

A

A small stream that joins a larger river

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9
Q

What is the long profile

A

How a river changes in slope (gradient) across its whole course

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10
Q

How many courses of a river are there?

A

3- Upper, Middle, Lower

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11
Q

How does the long profile of a river change from source to mouth

A

Landscape/Terrain changes - Steep to flat.

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12
Q

Characteristics of Upper course of river

A

V-shaped valley, very steep sided and a narrow river channel

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13
Q

Characteristics of Middle course of River

A

Less steep river valley and a wider river channel

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14
Q

Characteristics of Lower course of river

A

Flat river valley and a very wide river channel

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15
Q

What landform occurs at Upper course of River Severn

A

Interlocking Spurs

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16
Q

What landform occurs at middle course of River Severn

A

Oxbow Lake

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17
Q

What landform occurs at lower course of River Severn

A

Flood plain

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18
Q

Describe how the cross profile of the river valley changes downstream

A

The gradient of the river decreases meaning cross profile goes from V shape to Very broad in the lower Course

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19
Q

Describe how the cross profile of a river channel changes downstream

A

River channel goes from being very narrow to very wide in the lower course

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20
Q

Definition of Erosion

A

The wearing away of the river’s bank and bed.

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21
Q

Types of Erosion

A

Attrition, Abrasion, Solution, Hydraulic action

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22
Q

What is Hydraulic action

A

Hydraulic action is when the force of the river compresses air trapped in cracks in the banks.

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23
Q

What is attrition?

A

Rocks carried by the river collide with each other and break into smaller pieces

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24
Q

What is Abrasion?

A

Occurs when rocks carried by the river scrape and rub along river bed and banks.

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25
Q

What is solution?

A

Slightly acidic water dissolves certain rocks on the banks and river bed.

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26
Q

Transportation methods

A

Traction,Saltation,Supension,Solution

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27
Q

What is traction

A

Large rocks/Boulders rolled along the river bed by the force of water of high discharge

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28
Q

What is Saltation

A

Small rock and sand particles are bounced along the river bed

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29
Q

What is suspension

A

Fine clay and sand particles are carried in water even at low discharge

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30
Q

What is solution (Transport)

A

Some minerals dissolve in water.

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31
Q

Why do rivers deposit sediment?

A

Sediment is deposited as the rivers velocity slows due to friction with land or when a river bursts its banks.

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32
Q

How are Upper course landforms formed

A

Erosion

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33
Q

How are interlocking spurs formed

A

Vertical erosion creates v shape valley and narrow channel

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34
Q

Formation of a waterfall

A

Water runs over hard rock on top of soft rock, Erosion occurs on soft rock, leaving hard rock unsupported causing it to collapse into river bed, this also creates a plunge pool.

35
Q

How are meanders formed

A

Erosion undercuts river bank causing a bend.

36
Q

Why is outer bend of meander higher river velocity

A

As it is much deeper so there is less friction

37
Q

How are floodplains and levees formed

A

By deposition in times of a river flood.

38
Q

What are leeves

A

Raised banks right next to river banks

39
Q

Difference between floodplains and leeves

A

Leeves are side by side with the river, they are steeper than floodplains but floodplains take up more space

40
Q

Flood definition

A

When the amount of water in a river exceeds the capacity of the channel, causing it to burst its banks.

41
Q

Discharge definition

A

The volume of water through a river channel; measured at any given point in cubic meters per second.

42
Q

Human factors affecting flood risk

A

Urbanisation, Agriculture, Deforestation

43
Q

Physical factors affecting flood risk

A

Rock type, basin type and size, soil saturation, precipitation

44
Q

Hard engineering strategies to prevent flooding and erosion

A

Dams and reservoirs, flood relief channels

45
Q

Soft engineering strategies

A

Flood warnings, Flood plain zoning

46
Q

What is flood plain zoning

A

Developments constructed away from flood risk areas

47
Q

Case study for flood management

A

Jubilee River flood relief channel

48
Q

Facts about Jubilee
case study

A

River Cost 10,000,000 pounds

11.7km long

Jubilee river is 50m wide

330 Million Pound budget

Negative as caused flooding in other areas

49
Q

Why was this scheme required?

A

To lower the incidence of flooding in Windsor.

50
Q

Social and Environmental issues with Jubilee scheme

A

-other flood relief channels had to be abandoned putting other homes at risk.
-The scheme put other towns at risk

-failed to create a sustainable solution to flooding in the area

51
Q

When was the last ice age

A

20,000 years ago

52
Q

What is freeze-thaw weathering

A

Where water gets into cracks in rocks, freezes expands breaking the rock.

53
Q

What is rotational slip

A

When ice moves in a circular motion, eroding the landscape into bowl shapes.

54
Q

When does abrasion occur

A

When bits of rock stuck in the ice grind against the rock below the glacier, wearing it away

55
Q

When does plucking occur

A

When meltwater at the base, back or sides of a glacier freezes onto the rock, pulling pieces of rock out.

56
Q

What is bulldozing

A

When the ice pushes loose material Infront of it.

57
Q

Why do glaciers deposit sediment

A

When the ice melts, the material is deposited on the valley floor.

58
Q

Characteristics and formation of a corrie

A

As Ice moves by rotational slip, it erodes the hollow into a steep-sided armchair shape with a lip at the bottom end with a small lake.

59
Q

Characteristics and formation of an arete

A

An arete is a narrow, steep-sided ridge, formed by two glaciers in parallel valleys.

The glaciers erode the sides of the valleys sharpening the ridge.

60
Q

Characteristics and formation of Ribbon Lakes

A

Ribbon lakes are long thin lakes.

They form after a glacier retreats

They form where softer rock was eroded more than the surrounding hard rock.

61
Q

Characteristics and formation of a pyramidal peak

A

A pointed mountain with at least three sides, formed by back-to-back glaciers erode a mountain.

62
Q

Characteristics and formation of Truncated Spurs

A

Cliff-like edges on the valley side, formed when ridges of land that stick into the main valley are cut off.

63
Q

Characteristics and formation of Glacial troughs

A

They are steep sided valleys with flat bottoms. Start as v shape but turns to U shape as glacier erodes.

64
Q

Characteristics and formation of Hanging valleys

A

Valleys formed by tributrary glaciers that flow into main glacier

Glacial trough is eroded more by the larger glacier, so when glaciers melt valley is left at a higher level.

65
Q

What are moraines

A

Moraines are landforms made out of till dropped by a glacier as it melts.

66
Q

Types of moraines

A

Lateral, Medial, Terminal and Ground

67
Q

Ground Moraine

A

Eroded material that was dragged along the base of a glacier and is deposited over a wide area on valley floor

68
Q

Lateral Moraine

A

Long mound of material where the side of the glacier was.

69
Q

Terminal Moraine

A

At the snout of the glacier, marking furthest point made by the ice

70
Q

Medial Moraine

A

material deposited in the centre of the valley floor

71
Q

What are drumlins

A

Drumlins are elongated hills of glacial deposits, pointed and gently sloping at the downstream end.

72
Q

What are erratics

A

Erratics are rocks that have been picked up by a glacier, carried along and dropped in an area that has a different rock type.

73
Q

An example of a UK upland area affected by glaciation

A

Snowdonia, Lake District

74
Q

Economic, Social and environmental impacts of tourism in glacial landscapes

A

Economic: Positive impact
-Offers employment to locals
-Less positive impacts such as high house prices forcing locals out
-price of goods and services is often higher.

Social: Increased traffic
-Shops now sell gifts and goods for tourists less stuff for locals
-Holiday homes not occupied all year round

Environmental:
-Footpath erosion
-Littering
-Wildlife disturbed

75
Q

Economic uses of farming
in glacial landscapes:

A

-Sheep farming as poor soils limit other types of farming.
-Cattle kept on flatter valley floors
-Grass is grown to make hay to feed animals.

76
Q

Economic uses of Forestry in glacial landscapes:

A

Coniferous forests are often planted in upland areas due to coping with cold weather and high rainfall.

-Trees used for timber and building materials

77
Q

Economic uses of Quarrying in Glacial Landscapes:

A

-The erosion left by glaciers left lot of rock exposed, making it more accessible

-Glacial landscapes are quarried for slate, granite and limestone

78
Q

Economic uses of Tourism in glacial landscapes

A

Glaciated areas have dramatic landscapes, attracting tourists.

-activites such as rock climbing, boating and hiking

79
Q

Conflict causes by farming, quarrying, tourism and forestry

A

Farming: Grazing removes vegetation
-Some farmers try to block footpaths to prevent tourists on their land

Quarrying:
-Conservationists destroy habitats and damage local wildlife
-Local residents don’t like the noise caused

Tourism:
-Tourists damage stone walls, scare sheep, leave gates open causing conflict with farmers

Forestry:
-Harvesting trees damages habitats and scares wildlife
-Coniferous forests won’t attract tourists as lack of biodiversity.

80
Q

Case study for Glacial landscapes

A

Lake District

81
Q

Facts about case study (Lake District)

A

-42,000 permanent residents.
-15.8 million tourists a year
-tourists spend 925 million yearly

82
Q

Social, environmental, Economic impacts of tourism

A

Social:
-House prices increasing for locals
-traffic problems (89% travel by car)
-Conflict between farmers and tourists

Environmental:
-Footpath erosion
- Littering
-Air pollution

Economic:
-Locals forced out of homes due to rising prices
-Goods and services become more expensive due to higher demand

83
Q

Solution to problems (case study in lake district)

A

-Controlled parking zones
-providing affordable homes
-putting gravel around footpaths to prevent erosion
-Zoning schemes

Geography AQA (10 decks)

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