Changing economic world - United Kingdom Flashcards
What is globalisation?
The increasing interconnections and interdependence between nations due to trade agreements and faster transport.
What is Deindustrialisation?
It’s the decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets etc.
What is meant by the term ‘Government Policy’?
It’s the plan or course of action needed by a government to manage issues in a country
What type of economy is the UK?
A post-industrial economy.
How has the UK economy changed over time?
Changed from dominantly primary and secondary sector jobs to an increase in tertiary and quaternary sector jobs.
What are the main causes of Deindustrialisation?
-Increasing cost of production
-Globalisation - competition from NEEs
-Declining investment
-Changing government policies
-Education leading to tertiary sector jobs
What is an example of deindustrialisation in the UK?
In cornwall, mining is a part of it’s heritage (clay, copper)
-Cambourne now deprived, urban decay occurring and people now heavily reliant on food banks.
What industries were popular before deindustrialisation?
-Shipbuilding, Iron and steel production, coal mining, chemical works
What is a post industrial economy?
An economy where most employment is now in service industries.
What is the UK’s economy now mostly based on?
-Finance, IT
-Service industries
-Research Parks
How are industries in the P-I economy footloose?
-They are easy to set up anywhere, connected to urban areas.
Why are P-I businesses close to major transport routes?
-To make the industry more connected, less time travelling for employees and lower costs.
Where are the majority of the Uk’s major science parks?
On the rural Urban fringe
Why are most of the Uk’s major science parks located where they are?
-There’s a large space for research
-There are motorways or integrated transport systems from nearby urban areas
What is meant by the term ‘growth corridor’?
-An area of the country where the economy is growing often along a major transport route linking two or more cities.
What characteristics must an area have to be considered a growth corridor?
-It must have good transport connections, including road, rail and air.
Name one important growth corridor
The M4
Example of a UK science park?
Cambridge science park
Key characteristics of the science park
-UK’s major hub for hi-tech industry
-1500 bio-technology companies
-7,250 employees
-International companies seeking access to Cambridge graduates and high talent
-North east of Cambridge, on the Rural Urban Fringe
Benefits to Cambridge due to science park
-Indirect jobs created on the site of the science park
-Cambridge has a reputation as world leader in investment
-Investment into local public transport
Disadvantages for Cambridge due to science park?
-House prices are rising due to rising demand in the area
-Cambridge is increasingly congested with traffic, rail and road links can’t cope.
What are Primary Industries?
-Produce the raw materials for industry
-Produce raw materials that can be turned into a finished product e.g. quarrying, farming, fishing and forestry
What are Secondary Industries?
Secondary Industries are the manufacturing and assembly industries
-They take raw materials and manufacture finished products from them. e..g. Steel manufacture, bread making.
What is an example of how a modern industrial development that can be more environmentally sustainable
-Torr Quarry, this is a Limestone Quarry.
What are some environmental impacts of Torr Quarry?
-Destruction of habitats
-Co2 emissions from heavy machines and lorries
-Air pollutions from dust
-Decline in water quality as chemicals washed into river
What is meant by sustainability?
-Development that meets the needs of the population without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their own demands.
Potential positives of Torr Quarry
-Job creation and economic growth in somerset
-Rural area- 100 long term jobs
-15 million towards the local economy
-Investment from linked industries nearby.
Potential negatives of Torr Quarry
-Destruction of habitats and ecosystem = loss of biodiversity
-Air pollution from dust
-Noise pollution
Why does the UK do quarrying even if it’s an HIC
The UK needs their own raw materials so they aren’t too reliant on globalisation, it also provides job opportunities in multiple sectors
Does Torr quarry prove that quarrying can be completely sustainable?
Quarrying isn’t completely sustainable as it destroys habitats and causes a loss of biodiversity
Even if it is restored the habitats will never be back to it’s original state.
Possible rural challenges
-Employers find it difficult to recruit labour
-Less investment
-Less land as rural areas are being developed on
Possible rural opportunities
-Accessible rural areas that are well connected to cities (Counter-urbanisation)
-Boosted economy due to population growth
What is the idea of counter-urbanisation
Where people move to rural areas to improve quality of life but commute to urban areas for work.
Which rural area is seeing population growth and why?
-South cambridgeshire
-It is an accessible rural area, and is well connected to urban areas making it easy for people to commute
Which area is seeing population decline and why?
-Outer Hebrides
-Due to outward migration as there are limited opportunities therefore younger people have decided to move away in search of better pay.
Name a developing UK port
Liverpool 2 dock
Name a developing road in UK
London to newcastle (A1)
Name a developing UK airport
Newcastle’s airport
Name a developing UK railway
HS2 which connects Euston to Birmingham.
Why is the development of A1 important?
-Journey times reduced due to dual carriageways
-The south is more accessible to the north
Why is the development of Newcastle’s airport important?
-Tourism is encouraged from Europe to the North of England
-Provides a range of jobs to help reduce the N/S divide
Why is the Development of HS2 important?
-It ensures people could commute quickly from N to S for jobs and family reducing regional inequalities.
Why is the development of Liverpool 2 Dock important?
-Increases transportation of goods in lorry containers, especially in North wales, allowing it to develop
What is the north-south divide?
-The social, economic and cultural disparities between London and the south–east of England, and the rest of the UK.
-Differences in House prices, Life expectancy and income.
Why is there a north-south divide in the UK
-Heavy machineries and engineering thrived in cities such Liverpool, Manchester etc.
-These industries have declined since 1970s
-London and the South-east quickly adapted to the tertiary sector leading to faster growth than the rest of the UK.
What has the government encouraged
to TNCs?
-Incentives to TNCs to locate manufacturing in Northern areas to help reduce regional inequalities.
What is an enterprise zone?
-An area where new businesses are encouraged to develop with incentives e.g. discounted rates, superfast broadband.
What is a Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP)
-A partnership between local council and local businesses to boost the local economy.
Example of an LEP
The lancashire LEP: Focusing development on the aerospace and technical engineering sector to create highly skilled jobs.
How do enterprise zones help reduce regional inequalities?
-Encourages businesses to locate people and provide jobs for local people
-Causing positive multiplier effect
-More local taxes paid that can be reinvested back into the area.
How can LEPs help resolve regional inequalities?
-Provides highly skilled jobs which attract high calibre and highly educated employees.
-This brings wealth into the area, more disposable income so positive multiplier effect.
UK links with the wider world - Trade
Gas trades with Russia (Pre Ukrainian War)
Trade organic chemicals in USA
(300 Billion in export generated)
UK links with the wider world - Culture
-Very diverse culture, Lots of different ethnicities
-Premier league football, Wimbledon
- Religious festivals e.g. Harvest, Ramadan, Eid.
UK links with the wider world - Transport
-Lots of major docks and ports e.g. Liverpool
-Eurostar
-Exportation of boeing engines
-25,000,000 travellers from LHR
Notes about UK and the Commonwealth
-Building international co-operations since the slave trade
-All used to be owned by British Empire
-Diplomacy.
