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Geography AQA > The Challenge of Natural Hazards > Flashcards

The Challenge of Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of a natural Hazard

A

Natural hazards are extreme natural events that cause loss of life, damage to property or disrupts human activity

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2
Q

What are the factors affecting hazard risk

A

Vulnerability, Capacity to Cope, Nature of natural hazards

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3
Q

What is the plate tectonic theory

A
  • The crust is the outer layer of the earth.
    -The crust is broken into tectonic plates which are moved by convection currents.
  • Mechanisms such as slab pull and ridge push are believed to move the plates.
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4
Q

What is a destructive plate margin?

A

Where two plates move towards each other e.g Along the west coast of America.

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5
Q

What is a Constructive Plate margin?

A

Where two plates move away from each other e.g mid-Atlantic ridge.

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6
Q

What is a conservative Plate margin?

A

When two plates move sideways past each other at different speeds, e.g. The west coast of America.

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7
Q

Physical process in destructive plate margin to form volcano

A

The oceanic plate moves down into the mantle and is melted, magma then rises and erupts forming a volcano.

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8
Q

Physical process in destructive plate margin to form Earthquake

A

Tension builds up as one plate gets stuck as it moves down past the other into the mantle.

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9
Q

Primary and secondary effects of a Tectonic hazard

A

Primary:
-Deaths and injury
-Buildings damaged and destroyed
-People made Homeless
Secondary:
-Aftershocks causing more damage
-Fires in collapsed buildings
-Electricity and phone services disrupted.

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10
Q

Immediate and Long-term responses of a tectonic hazard

A

Immediate:
-Evacuate people before eruption
-Provide food and shelter for evacuated people.
-Rescue anyone cut off by damage to roads or bridges.
-Foreign governments send aid workers.

Long-term:
-New settlements built and buildings repair
-Repair and reconnect infrastructure
-Boost economy by using tourism for volcano site.

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11
Q

What is the case study for Tectonic hazards?

A

L’Aquila, Italy and Gorkha, Nepal.

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12
Q

Facts about the Gorkha earthquake

A

-7.8 magnitude
-9000 deaths
-8 million people affected
-Epicentre only 81km from Kathmandu capital city.
-Avalanches hit everest climbers
-Oxfam provided secondary aid.

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13
Q

Facts about the L’Aquila Earthquake

A

-6.3 on the Richter scale
-309 deaths
-3:32 AM whilst people were sleeping
-$1.1m damage.
-60 miles North West of Rome
-Lack of housing afterwards pushed prices higher

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14
Q

Why do people continue to live in areas at risk from a tectonic hazard?

A

-Family and friends, soil around volcanoes is fertile which attracts farmers, Employment.

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15
Q

How does monitoring reduce risk of a tectonic hazard.

A

Seismometers monitor earth movements, allowing governments to warn people

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16
Q

How does prediction and planning reduce the risk of a tectonic hazard?

A

Prediction: Monitoring movement of tectonic plates scientists can predict what areas should prepare.

Predicting when a volcano is going to erupt gives people time to evacuate reducing deaths.

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17
Q

Warm air ______

A

Rises

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18
Q

Rising air causes a ___ pressure belt

A

Low pressure belt

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19
Q

Cool and falling air creates a ____ pressure belt

A

High pressure belt

20
Q

High pressure belt =
(Rainfall)

A

Cloudless skies and low rainfall

21
Q

Low pressure belt =
(Rainfall)

A

Cloudy skies and High rainfall

22
Q

What are trade winds

A

Surface winds blowing towards the equator

23
Q

What are the conditions needed for tropical storms?

A

Sea Temperature = 27C or higher, never along the equator and Low wind shear.

24
Q

Global distribution of tropical storms

A

Between tropic of cancer and tropic of capricorn.

25
Q

Define Tropical Storms

A

An area of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral around the calm central point called the eye of the storm.

26
Q

What way do tropical storms spin?

A

in the northern hemisphere, anti-clockwise
in the southern hemisphere, Clockwise
(Coriolis effect)

27
Q

How are tropical storms catergorised

A

The saffir simpson scale

28
Q

How will climate change affect distribution of tropical storms?

A

We may see tropical storms happen in more parts of the world as sea levels are rising.

29
Q

How will climate change affect Frequency and Intensity of tropical storms

A

Oceans will stay at 27C for more parts of the year so number of tropical storms will increase. And higher temperature means they will be stronger causing more damage.

30
Q

Primary and secondary effects of tropical storms.

A

Primary : Buildings destroyed
-rivers flood
-People drown due to storm surge
-Roads, railways and airports damaged.

Secondary:
-People left homeless
-Lack of clean water and poor sanitation
-Shortages of food as crops are damaged

31
Q

Immediate and long-term responses to tropical storms

A

Immediate: Evacuate people before storm arrives
-Set up temporary shelters and temporary supplies
-Recover dead bodies to prevent spread of disease

Long-term:
-Repair homes or rehouse people
-Improve forecasting techniques to give people more warning
-Improve building regulations.

32
Q

What is the case study for tropical storms?

A

Typhoon Haiyan

33
Q

Facts about Typhoon Haiyan

A

Cat 5 typhoon
-Originated in the northwest pacific ocean
-8th November 2013
-Wind speeds up to 314km/h

34
Q

Effects Typhoon Haiyan

A

6300 deaths
-30,000 fishing boats destroyed
-2 million homeless
-flooding
-400m of rain and 5m of storm surge

35
Q

Responses of Typhoon Haiyan

A

-Red cross supplied over 1.1 million people with clean water to prevent poor sanitation
-Rebuilding of infrastructure
-Thousands of homes built away from flood risk
-£100 m aid sent.

36
Q

How does monitoring/prediction reduce effects of TS:

A

Monitoring storms paths allows people more time to evacuate as they’ll be warned earlier

37
Q

How does planning reduce effects of TS:

A

Emergency services can train and prepare for these scenarios, reducing casualties.
Governments can plan evacuation routes to allow more people to evacuate faster.

38
Q

How does protection reduce effects of TS:

A

Buildings can be designed to withstand tropical storms, such as stilts to protect the building from floodwater.

39
Q

What are some weather hazards that the UK expierience?

A

Rain, Thunderstorms, Heat waves, Droughts, Hailstorms , Snow and Ice, Wind

40
Q

What is my case study for UK extreme weather?

A

‘The beast from the east’ 2018

41
Q

Define Extreme weather

A

Extreme weather is a weather event which is significantly different from the average weather event. It doesn’t follow the usual weather pattern and is unseasonal.

42
Q

Effects of the beast from the east

A

4 deaths reported
-Up to 19 inches of snow in parts of south-east Wales.
-Gusts of 60-70mph in parts of Northern England
-Temperatures as low as -12C

Secondary:
-British Airways cancelled hundreds of short-haul flights from heathrow, and London city airport also cancelled services.
-Scottish premiership postponed matches
-The weather cost the UK millions, insurance costs up to 10 million
-Schools closed

43
Q

Responses of the beast from the east:

A

-Army called in to help people
-The met office issued red warnings for several areas
-Rail passengers warned to avoid travelling
-Public health England encouraged people to have enough food and medicine

44
Q

Is there any evidence weather is becoming more extreme in the Uk?

A

Yes as the frequency of heatwaves has increases. They used to occur every 3 years now every 200 days.

45
Q

Give a natural cause of global warming

A

Volcanic activity

46
Q

Give two human causes of climate change

A

Enhanced greenhouse effect
Burning of fossil fuels

47
Q

Secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan

A

-6 million people lost income
-Landslides and blocked roads
-Water and food insecurity
-Power supplies lost for a month
-Disease outbreak.

Geography AQA (10 decks)

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