Changing economic world - Nigeria Flashcards
What is GDP
Gross domestic product is the value of a country’s output from within the borders of a country.
What countries are in the BRICs and MINTs
Brazil Mexico
Russia Indonesia
India Nigeria
China Turkey
What is meant by quality of life?
The wide range of human needs that should be met alongside income growth
Ways to measure development of a country
-Maternal Mortality rate
-Education and literacy rates
-GDP
-Calorie intake
-% access to electricity
-Infrastructure
Why is HDI an effective development indicator?
As HDI takes into account 3 aspects of development, 2 social (Literacy rate + Life expectancy) and one Economic (GNI).
What stage of the Demographic transition model is an HIC in
stage 4 and 5 as they have slow growing populations or declining populations
What stage of the Demographic transition model are LICs in
Stages 1 and 2 as the population is rapidly growing with low life expectancies
What stage of the Demographic transition model are NEEs in
Stage 3 as they have slower growth than LICs but a higher life expectancy
What is natural increase?
When the birth rate is higher than the death rate.
Death rates fall in stage 2 of the DTM as:
-Medical care is improved
-Sanitation and water supplies have been improved
-Notable decrease in child mortality rates
-Food security and quality increase
Birth rates fall in stage 3 of the DTM as:
-Family planning methods are implemented
-Much lower infant mortality rates, causing less need for more babies
What factors have caused uneven development?
-Colonisation
-Neighboring countries invading
-Climate
-Landlocked countries
-Limited access to clean water
-Diseases
Examples of historical causes of uneven development
-The UK colonizing LICs and exploiting their raw materials
Examples of Physical causes of uneven development
-Extreme weather
-Limited access to clean water
-Landlocked
Examples of Economic causes of uneven development
-Poverty
-Trade
LICs trade _____ products
Primary - this earns them little money as they have little value
LICs heavily rely on _____ ______
Single exports
Consequences of uneven development
Global migration
Health issues
Wealth imbalances
Strategies to reduce the development gap
-Investment
-Industrial development
-Tourism
-Aid
-Appropriate technology
-Microfinance loans
-Fairtrade
-Debt relief
How does Investment by TNCs work?
-Local people are employed to build factories or offices
-TNS invest into foreign countries and grow their economy.
-Multiplier effect
How does Fairtrade reduce the development gap
-Farmers from LICs receive more proportion of the export money
-They have more income to improve quality of life
-Not accessible to everyone as people have to pay for fairtrade certification
How does using appropriate technology reduce the development gap?
-LICs and NEEs are provided with technology to help them improve healthcare, access to sustainable energy and improved education, allowing them to develop as a country.
An example of a TNC in Nigeria
Shell
How does shell provide jobs in multiple sectors
It provides tertiary jobs in advertising, finance and transport
Quaternary for research
Primary and secondary for extracting and refining crude oil.
Why are materials usually extracted from LICs by TNCs
Because it is cheaper, maximising profit
Negative aspects of shell in Nigeria
-Huge economic costs of clearing up the spills
-Oil spills can kill wildlife and takes 30 years for habitats to regenerate
-Farmers and fishermen’s livelihood destroyed
-Loss of income to farmers and fishermen
Positive aspects of shell in Nigeria
-Billions of dollars paid annually in corporate tax
-Shell development company gives out 30,000 scholarships
-6000 people directly employed causing a multiplier effect
-Shell is investing huge amounts into renewable energy stations
Where does the company shell originate from?
The Netherlands and the UK
Example of reducing development gap in Africa
Tunisia
Pros of tourism in Tunisia
-Life expectancy improved as health and diet improve
-Literacy rates gone from 66 to 79%
-More families can send kids to school
-Better equality for women
Cons of tourism in Tunisia
-Economic inequalities in central and southern regions of Tunisia
-Migration from those working in agriculture and fishing.
What is one environmental problem caused by tourism in Tunisia
-Pollution of the environment as the beaches have been polluted with untreated sewage from hotels
What occurred in Tunisia 2015
-There were 2 terrorist attacks specifically aimed at tourists.
Nigeria’s Regional Importance
3rd largest manufacturing economy in Africa and largest in West Africa
Nigeria has the highest population in Africa and a youthful educated population
Nigeria’s Global Importance In the changing economic world
2.7% of the world’s oil is supplied by Nigeria
There is a large Nigerian diaspora (1.24 million Nigerians live in other countries).
Political context Nigeria
1960 Nigeria gained independence from the UK
1998 Now stable democratic environment post civil war
Different languages and tribal traditions make governing hard.
Cultural context Nigeria
Nigeria has 500 ethnic groups
Fastest growing industry in Nigeria
Nollywood- 3rd largest film industry in the world
Manufacturing increasing
How can manufacturing stimulate economic growth
In the 1800s cash crops such as palm oil were established to gain profit.
Nigeria provides 2.7 of world’s oil, but there is an overdependence on oil and the prices fell in 2015.
Advantages of TNCs
Investment, jobs, expertise, international skills, multiplier effects
Disadvantages of TNCs
Leakage of profits, lower wage levels, environmental damage, poor working conditions.
Political relationships with the wider world (Nigeria)
Was initially part of the British Empire
Nigeria is now part of the commonwealth so has strong links globally.
Links with China are growing, China investing 12 billion to develop railways.
Trading relationships in Nigeria
Imports from EU and USA and UK
Exports - 50% are to the EU and UK
Example of a ‘Top down’ or Large scale aid scheme in Nigeria
The world bank provides aid such as $550 million for irrigation and drainage schemes to help with agriculture
Example of a ‘Bottom up’ or small scale aid
Oxfam - helps small scale farmers to improve productivity so there is more food available and makes farmers more resilient
Christian Aid - Provided Mosquito nets to prevent malaria to villages
Short term or emergency aid in Nigeria
UN world food programmer has supplied food to 400,000 people who are facing starvation in Norther Nigeria.
Long term aid in Nigeria
2016- Uk government gave £305 million of aid to help towards the Millennium Development Goals
Tied aid in Nigeria
China provide Nigeria with weapons, training an technology in return Nigeria permitted the import of cheap Chinese goods.
Example of Environmental impacts of economic development
Unchecked industrial growth can lead to polluted land and water as toxic waste is leaked.
