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Geography AQA > Changing economic world - Nigeria > Flashcards

Changing economic world - Nigeria Flashcards

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1
Q

What is GDP

A

Gross domestic product is the value of a country’s output from within the borders of a country.

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2
Q

What countries are in the BRICs and MINTs

A

Brazil Mexico
Russia Indonesia
India Nigeria
China Turkey

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3
Q

What is meant by quality of life?

A

The wide range of human needs that should be met alongside income growth

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4
Q

Ways to measure development of a country

A

-Maternal Mortality rate
-Education and literacy rates
-GDP
-Calorie intake
-% access to electricity
-Infrastructure

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5
Q

Why is HDI an effective development indicator?

A

As HDI takes into account 3 aspects of development, 2 social (Literacy rate + Life expectancy) and one Economic (GNI).

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6
Q

What stage of the Demographic transition model is an HIC in

A

stage 4 and 5 as they have slow growing populations or declining populations

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7
Q

What stage of the Demographic transition model are LICs in

A

Stages 1 and 2 as the population is rapidly growing with low life expectancies

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8
Q

What stage of the Demographic transition model are NEEs in

A

Stage 3 as they have slower growth than LICs but a higher life expectancy

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9
Q

What is natural increase?

A

When the birth rate is higher than the death rate.

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10
Q

Death rates fall in stage 2 of the DTM as:

A

-Medical care is improved
-Sanitation and water supplies have been improved
-Notable decrease in child mortality rates
-Food security and quality increase

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11
Q

Birth rates fall in stage 3 of the DTM as:

A

-Family planning methods are implemented
-Much lower infant mortality rates, causing less need for more babies

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12
Q

What factors have caused uneven development?

A

-Colonisation
-Neighboring countries invading
-Climate
-Landlocked countries
-Limited access to clean water
-Diseases

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13
Q

Examples of historical causes of uneven development

A

-The UK colonizing LICs and exploiting their raw materials

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14
Q

Examples of Physical causes of uneven development

A

-Extreme weather
-Limited access to clean water
-Landlocked

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15
Q

Examples of Economic causes of uneven development

A

-Poverty
-Trade

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16
Q

LICs trade _____ products

A

Primary - this earns them little money as they have little value

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17
Q

LICs heavily rely on _____ ______

A

Single exports

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18
Q

Consequences of uneven development

A

Global migration
Health issues
Wealth imbalances

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19
Q

Strategies to reduce the development gap

A

-Investment
-Industrial development
-Tourism
-Aid
-Appropriate technology
-Microfinance loans
-Fairtrade
-Debt relief

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20
Q

How does Investment by TNCs work?

A

-Local people are employed to build factories or offices
-TNS invest into foreign countries and grow their economy.
-Multiplier effect

21
Q

How does Fairtrade reduce the development gap

A

-Farmers from LICs receive more proportion of the export money
-They have more income to improve quality of life
-Not accessible to everyone as people have to pay for fairtrade certification

22
Q

How does using appropriate technology reduce the development gap?

A

-LICs and NEEs are provided with technology to help them improve healthcare, access to sustainable energy and improved education, allowing them to develop as a country.

23
Q

An example of a TNC in Nigeria

A

Shell

24
Q

How does shell provide jobs in multiple sectors

A

It provides tertiary jobs in advertising, finance and transport
Quaternary for research
Primary and secondary for extracting and refining crude oil.

25
Q

Why are materials usually extracted from LICs by TNCs

A

Because it is cheaper, maximising profit

26
Q

Negative aspects of shell in Nigeria

A

-Huge economic costs of clearing up the spills
-Oil spills can kill wildlife and takes 30 years for habitats to regenerate
-Farmers and fishermen’s livelihood destroyed
-Loss of income to farmers and fishermen

27
Q

Positive aspects of shell in Nigeria

A

-Billions of dollars paid annually in corporate tax
-Shell development company gives out 30,000 scholarships
-6000 people directly employed causing a multiplier effect
-Shell is investing huge amounts into renewable energy stations

28
Q

Where does the company shell originate from?

A

The Netherlands and the UK

29
Q

Example of reducing development gap in Africa

A

Tunisia

30
Q

Pros of tourism in Tunisia

A

-Life expectancy improved as health and diet improve
-Literacy rates gone from 66 to 79%
-More families can send kids to school
-Better equality for women

31
Q

Cons of tourism in Tunisia

A

-Economic inequalities in central and southern regions of Tunisia
-Migration from those working in agriculture and fishing.

32
Q

What is one environmental problem caused by tourism in Tunisia

A

-Pollution of the environment as the beaches have been polluted with untreated sewage from hotels

33
Q

What occurred in Tunisia 2015

A

-There were 2 terrorist attacks specifically aimed at tourists.

34
Q

Nigeria’s Regional Importance

A

3rd largest manufacturing economy in Africa and largest in West Africa

Nigeria has the highest population in Africa and a youthful educated population

35
Q

Nigeria’s Global Importance In the changing economic world

A

2.7% of the world’s oil is supplied by Nigeria

There is a large Nigerian diaspora (1.24 million Nigerians live in other countries).

36
Q

Political context Nigeria

A

1960 Nigeria gained independence from the UK

1998 Now stable democratic environment post civil war

Different languages and tribal traditions make governing hard.

37
Q

Cultural context Nigeria

A

Nigeria has 500 ethnic groups

38
Q

Fastest growing industry in Nigeria

A

Nollywood- 3rd largest film industry in the world

Manufacturing increasing

39
Q

How can manufacturing stimulate economic growth

A

In the 1800s cash crops such as palm oil were established to gain profit.

Nigeria provides 2.7 of world’s oil, but there is an overdependence on oil and the prices fell in 2015.

40
Q

Advantages of TNCs

A

Investment, jobs, expertise, international skills, multiplier effects

41
Q

Disadvantages of TNCs

A

Leakage of profits, lower wage levels, environmental damage, poor working conditions.

42
Q

Political relationships with the wider world (Nigeria)

A

Was initially part of the British Empire

Nigeria is now part of the commonwealth so has strong links globally.

Links with China are growing, China investing 12 billion to develop railways.

43
Q

Trading relationships in Nigeria

A

Imports from EU and USA and UK

Exports - 50% are to the EU and UK

44
Q

Example of a ‘Top down’ or Large scale aid scheme in Nigeria

A

The world bank provides aid such as $550 million for irrigation and drainage schemes to help with agriculture

45
Q

Example of a ‘Bottom up’ or small scale aid

A

Oxfam - helps small scale farmers to improve productivity so there is more food available and makes farmers more resilient

Christian Aid - Provided Mosquito nets to prevent malaria to villages

46
Q

Short term or emergency aid in Nigeria

A

UN world food programmer has supplied food to 400,000 people who are facing starvation in Norther Nigeria.

47
Q

Long term aid in Nigeria

A

2016- Uk government gave £305 million of aid to help towards the Millennium Development Goals

48
Q

Tied aid in Nigeria

A

China provide Nigeria with weapons, training an technology in return Nigeria permitted the import of cheap Chinese goods.

49
Q

Example of Environmental impacts of economic development

A

Unchecked industrial growth can lead to polluted land and water as toxic waste is leaked.

Geography AQA (10 decks)

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