London and Lagos - Urban issues and challenges

Question 1

Importance of London

Answer 1

-International trading hub

-Capital of England

-Centre of government in England

-Generates 1/3 of Uk’s GDP

Question 2

Case study for urban regeneration in LDN

Answer 2

The Stratford project, Olympic park regeneration

Question 3

Info about Olympic park

Answer 3

Project cost 180 million

-Produced $3.5 billion economic value to Stratford

-Stratford was one of the most deprived communities in England

Question 4

Why was the Olympic park regeneration needed?

Answer 4

-Deindustrialization, Urban deprivation, poor environment

-Lack of infrastructure

Question 5

Causes of growth in London

Answer 5

National migration
Young population having children
Job opportunities

Question 6

Impact of growth in London

Answer 6

-More social spaces and services

-Multicultural city, range of eateries, cultures and shops etc
-Economic inequalities
-Urban sprawl

Question 7

Social Economic and Environmental opportunities in London

Answer 7

Social- Nightlight, diverse areas e.g. Brixton

Economic - London generates 1/3 of Uk’s GDP, Trading hub internationally

Environmental - Urban greening —-> Increasing amount and proportion of green spaces within a city, Water conservation (Grey water systems)

Question 8

Challenges caused by growth in London

Answer 8

-Traffic congestion
-Economic inequalities
-Waste pollution
-Building on greenfield and brownfield sites

Question 9

What is a greenfield site

Answer 9

An area of land that has not been developed previously

Question 10

What is a brownfield site

Answer 10

-An old industrial site that is cleared for new building development

Question 11

Adv and disadvantages of Greenfield

Answer 11

Advantages: Healthier environment than brownfield

Disadvantages: encourages urban sprawl and removes rural land

Question 12

Adv and disadvantages of brownfield

Answer 12

Adv: Doesn’t remove rural land and can regenerate derelict land

Disadvantages: Causes high levels of pollution

Question 13

Impacts of urban sprawl

Answer 13

-Loss of farmland to build new homes

-Increased pollution levels and impact on ecosystems

-Loss of rural way of life and character on the countryside

-Creates impermeable surfaces and surface run-off

-Higher emissions coz of car dependancy

Question 14

Social Benefits of Olympic regeneration

Answer 14

Social- 33,000 new homes will have been built, new neighborhoods, education academies.

Question 15

Economic benefits of Olympic regen

Answer 15

Stratford is now a well-connected area making commuting easier, new jobs in construction and tourism created (multiplier effect), 100,000 new jobs by 2030.

Question 16

Environmental benefits of Olympic regen

Answer 16

-The park is now sustainable with public footpaths, cycle paths and natural habitats now in place

Question 17

Importance of Lagos

Answer 17

-6th largest city in the world (17,000,000)

-1/4 GDP in Nigeria produced

-Airport is important for international travel

-Largest economy in Africa

Question 18

Why is Lagos’ population growing

Answer 18

-People pushed away from rural parts of Nigeria due to:
-Natural increase
-Droughts and floods
-Lack of jobs other than farming
-Lack of education and health services

Question 19

Issues of population growth in Lagos

Answer 19

-Not enough living spaces
-Job shortage
-Food insecurity
-Traffic congestion

Question 20

How urban growth has caused opportunities in Lagos

Answer 20

-Access to healthcare
-Access to education
-Water supply
-Improved public transport

Question 21

Formal economy/sector

Answer 21

-Secondary/tertiary sector
-Jobs result in higher income and areas become richer
-More disposable income to create more jobs e.g. cleaner.

Question 22

Informal economy/sector

Answer 22

-Don’t have to pay tax
-Minimum wage
-Dangerous conditions
-Opportunity to earn more money than previously
-Chance for people escape poverty

Question 23

Lagos- How urban growth created challenges environmentally:

Answer 23

-Raw sewage ejected into the lagoon causing health problems such as cholera.

-Poor waste management

-Factory emissions not controlled properly causing air and water pollution

-Traffic congestion

Question 24

Name a method of countering traffic congestion in Lagos

Answer 24

Danfos buses - like a taxi/bus service

Question 25

Lagos

Urban growth challenges socially and economically

Answer 25

• Lack of safe water supply
• Unemployment and crime
• Access to healthcare and education**

Question 26

Unemployment and crime in Lagos

Answer 26

-Crime:
Drug dealing, vandalism and theft
-Armed robbery rates high
-gang wars

Unemployment: Unemployment rate below 10%

-People are forced into the informal economy.

Question 27

Why is lack of water supply a challenge in Lagos

Answer 27

-Waste and sewage isn’t dispersed properly, mixes with drinking water and causes diseases

-Water treatment plants too expensive

Question 28

How is lack of access to healthcare and education a challenge in Lagos

Answer 28

-Healthcare can be expensive and there are long queues to see doctors, wealthier people tend to seek healthcare from abroad

-Education is free but children in poverty have to work to provide money for their families

Question 29

Give an example of urban planning improving quality of life for the poor

Answer 29

-The Makoko floating school

Question 30

Benefits of Makoko floating school

Answer 30

-Provides education for children in poverty
-Potentially could get a job in the formal sector and escape poverty in the long term

-Doesn’t cause environmental problems

-Provides employment opportunities

-Built on water on stilts to reduce flood risk.

-Uses solar panels as energy source

Question 31

What happened to the Makoko floating school in 2016

Answer 31

-The Makoko school was practically destroyed and almost sunk

-This damaged it’s reputation as children were at risk

-Gave government a reason to destroy squatter settlements