UK Physical Evolving Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

Geology

A

Concerned with the solid Earth, rocks of which is composed, and the process by which they change over time

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2
Q

Characteristics of sedimentary

A
  • Layers
  • Fossils
  • Variety of colour
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3
Q

Characteristics of igneous

A
  • NO fossils
  • Formed by molten rock
  • Crystals
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4
Q

Characteristics of metamorphic

A
  • High heat and pressure
  • May have crystals

Made by other rocks

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5
Q

Formation of sedimentary

A

Deposited material that have been compacted over time

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6
Q

Formation of igneous

A
  • Made from magma underground or above
  • Cools slowly or quickly
  • Intrusive or extrusive
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7
Q

Formation of metaomorphic

A

High heat and pressure

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8
Q

What is mechanical weathering (freeze-thaw weathering)?

A
  • Water enters the cracks in the rocks during day
  • When temp drops below 0 water in crack freezes and expands by 10%
  • Makes cracks larger, eventually pieces of rock break off
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9
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Rainwater is slighly acidic - wears away rock

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10
Q

Biological weathering

A

Plants/animals wear away rocks eg roots growing in cracks

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11
Q

2 types of erosion

A

Abrasion and plucking

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12
Q

Abrasion (erosion)

A

As glacier moves downhill, it begins to scrape the rock underneath like sandpaper, leaving striations (scratches)

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13
Q

Plucking

A

Rocks become frozen into bottom and sides of glacier, as glacier moves, it plucks frozen rocks

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14
Q

3 things that can happen after a glacier

A

Melt, erratics, drumlins

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15
Q

Melt (after glacier)

A

Glacier melts = flood = ribbon lakes and misfit streams

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16
Q

Erratics

A

Large rocks depositied by the glacier, can be carried from an area of diff geology, far away

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17
Q

Drumlins

A

Mounds of deposited glacial moraine that are visible when glacier melts.
They have a steep and sloping side

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18
Q

Tees-Exe line

A

Divides highland and lowland, highland areas are above line

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19
Q

Relief

A

Way landscape changes in height

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20
Q

4 types of erosion

A

Hydraulic action
Attritioon
Solution
Abrasion

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21
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Water forced into cracks, pressure leads to erosion

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22
Q

Attrition

A

Rocks bash into one another and soften each other

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23
Q

Abrasion

A

Sand and pebbles thrown with force

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24
Q

Solution

A

Chemicals lead to break down of rocks

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25
Q

Discordant coastline

A

Soft rock easilt eroded, hard rock erodes slowly, layers are perpendicular to sea

26
Q

Features of discordant coastline

A

Headlands (hard) and bays (soft)

27
Q

Cove

A

Hard rock is eroded after many yrs and reaches soft rock which is eroded

28
Q

Concordant coastline

A

Erosion through hard, then soft, then hard

29
Q

Mass movement

A

downhill movement of sediment because of gravity eg rockfall, landsclide, mud slide, slumping

30
Q

Formation of a stump

A
  1. Faults in headlands
  2. abrasion and hydraulic action erode to make a cave
  3. cave is widened and deepened
  4. sea cuts through to form an arch
  5. sea arodes food of the arch and widens it
  6. roof of arch collapses due to heavy
  7. part of former cliff is isolated as a stack
  8. stack eroded, might be undercut and collapse
  9. stump is remains of eroded stack
31
Q

order of a stump formation

A
  • crack
  • cave
  • arch
  • stack
  • stump
32
Q

Wave cut platform formation

A
  1. Erosion at base of cliff
  2. Sea weakens bottom of cliff = wave cut notch
  3. notch gets larger, top becomes heavy
  4. top falls due to gravity therefore a retreat
33
Q

Waterfall formation

A
  1. soft rock eroded quicker than hard = creates a step
  2. erosion continues, hard rock undercut forming an overhang
  3. abrastion and hydraulic action erode to create a plunge pool
  4. gets bigger, increasing size of overhand until hard rock is no longer supporting - collapses
  5. oricess continues and waterfall retreats upstream
  6. steep sided valley is left where waterfall once was - called a gorge
34
Q

How are V shaped valleys formed?

A
  1. downward erosion by river
  2. soil saturaed with rain water, soft rock cut through
  3. likely to slide into river - mass movement
  4. overtime v shaped made
35
Q

How are U shaped valleys formed

A
  • glaciers
  • melts, glacier widens and deepnds valley due to abrasion and steep sides from freeze thaw
36
Q

interlocking spurs

A
  • as river erodes the landscape in the upper course, it winds and bends to avoid areas of hard rock
37
Q

meander

A

movement of water in rivers

38
Q

tributary

A

smaller river meets big river and meet at a confluence

39
Q

where is the river basin

A

mountain upland

40
Q

watershed

A

area of high land forming edge of a river basin

41
Q

source

A

where river starts

42
Q

mouth

A

river meets sea

43
Q

confluence

A

where 2 rivers meet

44
Q

channel

A

where river flows

45
Q

drainage basin

A

area of land drained by a river and its tributaris

46
Q

Soil creep

A
  • gravity
  • happens with cold soil
  • slow
  • small scale
47
Q

slumping

A
  • heavy rain
  • on steeper valleyes
  • larg scale + area
48
Q

saltations

A

bounce smaller pebbles

49
Q

traction

A

roll boulders

50
Q

suspension

A

light material carried

51
Q

solution

A

minerals dissolved in water, colour change

52
Q

Coastal management

A
  1. sea wall
  2. groynes
  3. rip rap
  4. marsh creation
  5. beach noursihment
  6. dune regeneration
53
Q

Sea wall

A
  • walls stop erosion
  • expensive
  • ugly
  • long time made
54
Q

groynes

A
  • slow down longshore drift
  • traps sand/shingle
  • may cause erosion down drift
  • wood not long lasting
55
Q

riprap

A
  • easy to build
  • looks natural
  • more expensive
56
Q

marsh creation

A
  • soft
  • hooded coastal areas by the sea become salt marshes
  • creates wildlife and habitats
  • land will be lost
57
Q

beach nourishment

A
  • soft
  • move sand from sea to beach so it cant erode land
  • not expensive
  • erosion not stopped
  • regulary have to move sand
58
Q

dune regeneration

A
  • soft
  • absorb impact from sea
  • cheap
  • damaged in storms
  • marram grass planting time consuming
59
Q

4 coastal management strategies

A
  • nothing
  • hold the line - build defences
  • managed realignment - allowing shore line to move naturally but slower
  • adcance the line, new defenses built extending the coastline into the sea
60
Q

spit formation

A
  1. long shore drift drops sediment at the distal end of a cliff
  2. spit stops water moving, still drops sand, starts to form land
  3. a diff prevailing wind comes and causes a curve calls a hook which is the end of a spit
61
Q

Bar formation

A
  1. Beach, sea and an old bay
  2. longshort drift causes sediment to be desosited across the gap between the beach and the bay