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geography > UK human landscape > Flashcards

UK human landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the urban core and rural periphery?

A
  • The urban core have high population density, central urban areas and drive the economy of the area/country
  • Rural periphery are less densely populated and less built up
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2
Q

How to core and and rural areas differ?

A
  • core have a larger population density
  • population structure is centred around younger people of a working age as people move to find work
  • oldest ages are higher in the rural as people more there for retirement and as there is less competition for healthcare
  • economic activity is better in core as headquarters are here, wages and sectors are also higher
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3
Q

How has the UK government tried to reduce disparities between the core and periphery?

A
  • enterprise zones were they help with start up costs and reduce taxes to attract business
  • regional development grants give advice and grants to help start up businesses especially in rural areas. They also provide training so workers can become more skilled and fill higher sector jobs
  • improvement to transport so people can commute and with reduced travel times
  • assisted areas receive money from NGO’s to aid development
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4
Q

How has immigration increases and contributed to natural increase?

A

Increases rapidly over the past 50 years and is projected to rise.
-This leads to natural increases as it is economical to have children due to welfare benefits, not immigrant are young in search of work so will have kids, and more people means population rise is inevitable

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5
Q

What are causes of international migration?

A
  • better jobs in higher paid sectors
  • lax government policies on immigration increased by EU enlargement meaning people are free to travel
  • advanced services, transport and benefit systems
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6
Q

What are the causes of national migration?

A
  • people move up north due to cheaper land and labour (e.g. TNCs)
  • brain drain to the south to get higher paid sector jobs in a London or urban cores
  • retirement to rural areas as it is more peaceful and less desire to work
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7
Q

How and why had the UK employment structure changed?

A
  • primary decrease due to mechanisation
  • tertiary has increase due to a need for services
  • quaternary developed due to more educated population and a brain drain from the north
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8
Q

What are the negative impacts of a decline in primary and secondary industries?

A
  • industries closing up north means unemployment increases
  • Yet it also leads to re-industrialisation as new warehousing jobs have been installed in place yet wages are lower so still negative
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9
Q

Why are secondary industries on the decline?

A

Modern industries are footloose meaning they can move away from raw materials to lighter ones which are easier to transport
-this means they are more likely to locate near market and transport e.g. the M4 corridor

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10
Q

How have trends in TNC and FDI changed over the past years?

A

Steady increase in FDI into other countries due to cheaper land and labour
-FDI to the UK has greatly increased

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11
Q

Why has FDI to the UK increased?

A
  • government has privatised industries allowing them to be brought and encouraging competition
  • EU encourages free trade with no tariffs
  • connections electronically and physically improved. Time zones originate from London so can easily trade with everyone-e.g. both China and America
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12
Q

What are the advantages of increases TNCs?

A
  • creates thousand of Jobs and a positive multiplier effect
  • leads to innovation and new technology to increase productivity
  • privatisation increases competition meaning the UK receive the best services and products as well as no water money on overstaffing and traffics
  • uterlises the UK’s knowledge economy preventing a brain drain
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13
Q

What are the negatives of increased TNCs?

A
  • foreign ownership reduces the UK’s influence meaning the UK’s best interest aren’t pit first and profits go back to origin country
  • if services like water become TNC run, the basic needs of the UK would be run for profit
  • competition can outcompete UK companies due to their large scale
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14
Q

What is London’s site?

A
  • built on the Thames with good access to the sea for trade

- flat relief so is good for infrastructure and urbanisation

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15
Q

What is London’s situation?

A
  • in the SE so close to Europe for trade
  • great transport links like airports, trains and motorways
  • educated population leading to a brain drain to London
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16
Q

What is connectivity?

A

How easy it is to travel and connect with other places

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17
Q

What is London’s regional, national and international connectivity like?

A
  • Regional = buses, boats, underground
  • National = trains, motorways (radial roads)
  • international = planes(tourism and trade), train (France), social media, boats
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18
Q

How is London culturally diverse?

A
  • due to large amount of immigration there are many ethnicities (13 countries, e.g. French in Kensington, Indians in east and west)
  • this means there are multiple religious (Jews in north west)
  • yet this leads to segregation between different cultures
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19
Q

How is London environmentally diverse?

A
  • housing density and commercial property is concentrated in the CBD so crime rate and pollution is higher there
  • large strategic open space network of green belt land which absorbs CO2 and buffers between core and periphery.
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20
Q

What is London’s land use like?

A
  • CBD is mainly commercial offices
  • inner city is mainly brownfield and regeneration
  • suburbs in predominantly residential
  • urban-rural fringe is mainly residential but also more greenbelt land
  • building age decreases as you go out, cost of land decreases and open space increases
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21
Q

What are key places in London?

A
  • The 3 CBD’S = cannery wharf, the west end and the city itself
  • rich suburb =Kensington and Richmond
  • poor suburb =newham
22
Q

What are the two breakdowns of London’s immigration?

A
  • skilled workers which make up the educated knowledge economy and who tend to be university graduates seeking work
  • unskilled workers who fill the unwanted UK jobs that havre low pay and unsocial working hours, many come from emerging uneducated countries
23
Q

Why to ethnic groups tend to cluster?

A
  • these areas then cater for their culture
  • to follow family and therefore feel more comfortable as London is segregated so they would be minorities in other segregated areas
  • this preserved cultural distinctiveness but leads to segregation
24
Q

How is Newham affected by immigration?

A
  • has become one of London’s most diverse boroughs
  • puts pressure on housing and services leading to uneducated people
  • shortage of jobs and a low income areas leading to rented houses
25
Q

How is Lambeth affected by immigration?

A
  • Multicultural borough
  • still pressure on schools but less so
  • many children are bilingual
  • more of a working population to boost income
26
Q

How is Richmond affected by immigration?

A

-very high income area which is predominantly made of white communities
-stable housing and services
(Pattern as moving across London to the west communities become more white dominated and have higher incomes)

27
Q

What is IMD?

A

Ranks how deprived an area is based on varying factors of which economic ones are rated the highest

28
Q

How can deprivation effect lift expectancy?

A
  • if access to healthcare is lower due to demand then when people become ill and old they might not live as long
  • substandard living environment can lead to damp on the wall and illness for the elderly
  • if income is low people may not be able to afford it
29
Q

What was the cause and effect of the decline in London’s docklands?

A

Due to use of container transporting which required larger ships so moved downstream to deeper water to accommodate this

  • industries that relied on this has to move so unemployment increase (e.g. the Lea Valley) and therefore depopulation as people left in search of work
  • sped up regeneration and suburbanisation due to the underground and electrification of surface rail
30
Q

What is suburbanisation and its benefit?

A

When people move out of rate city to suburbs as land is cheaper and people desire a garden or because of deprivation in city

  • it benefits the city as more people can commute in due to developed transport links
  • benefits local communities die to increased spending
31
Q

What is decentralisation and its benefits?

A

The shifting balance of shopping activity and employment in the CBD.

  • happens because of suburbanisation and increasing online networks
  • reduces work and spending in inner London whilst stimulating local economics in the suburbs -growth of retail parks and ecommerce
32
Q

What is re-urbanisation, benefits and drawbacks?

A

Counteracts inner city decline through regeneration which can encourage investment and migration of workers

  • stimulates population growth and therefore economy in that area
  • yet it may not consult surrounding areas so development may be too expensive, unwanted or displace people
33
Q

What is gentrification and studentification?

A
  • Gentrification is when high income earners can both afford to live in cities and don’t like commuting
  • studentification is when areas become dominated by groups of students which can be due to nearby universities
  • both stimulate the areas through investment, work and spending
34
Q

What impact do increased divorce rates and late marriages have on land use?

A

The numbers of homes needed increase as more people are single

  • this means more want to live in London as they are career driven
  • less suburbanisation as without kids there is less of a desire to have a garden
35
Q

What is regeneration and rebranding?

A

Regeneration is developing an area to improve it whereas rebranding is changing the image of a place

36
Q

What were the positives of the 2012 Olympics rebranding Westfield?

A
  • in the short term local businesses benefitted through increased tourism
  • construction of Westfield shopping means more money and tourism was invested into the area and provided more jobs so created a positive multiplier effect
  • increased green park space and cleaner the river
  • once derelict land was developed -catalysts for regeneration
  • sustainable facilities for young communities to lean
37
Q

What are the negatives of the 2012 Olympics on Westfield?

A
  • Increasing population led to overcrowding and well as studentification from nearby universities
  • pollution and litter from tourism as well as removal of trees for infrastructure
  • local businesses face increases competition
38
Q

What are the three strands of sustainability?

A

Economic, social and environmental

39
Q

What are London doing to transport to make it more sustainable?

A
  • congestion charge which decreases pollution and increases use of public transport
  • since 2012 London busses have been hybrid making them cleaner and more fuel efficient
40
Q

What are London doing to housing and employment to make it more sustainable?

A
  • offers shared ownership of housing so people only have to save to buy (25%-50% of its value)
  • flexible working hours so people can tea me more cheaply outside rush hour
  • working at home once of twice a weak to reduce transport and pollution
41
Q

What are London doing to energy and recycling to make London more sustainable?

A
  • London aims to reduce household waste by providing accessible recycling and composting services to benefit the environment
  • waster burning power stations to meet the high demand but means energy is cleaner
  • sustainable energy conserving housing (e.g. BedZED’S home use 8% less electricity)
42
Q

How are cities and surrounding areas linked?

A

Cities and surrounding areas linked by two way flow both ways by people, goods and services

43
Q

What are the benefits of two way flow?

A
  • New housing is being built in rural land to ease pressure in London which produces jobs for local builders and construction industries
  • London provides a market for rural goods like food e.g. vegetables
44
Q

What are the costs of two way flow?

A
  • some of the protected natural environment will be used up through spatial growth
  • the cost of housing rises as more people want to live in rural areas and commute. This creates larger journeys so more air pollution
45
Q

What does Devon face due to the relocation of the MET office?

A
  • Increasing in population which puts pressure on existing housing so drives prices up as planning permission is hard to get due to protected natural environment
  • schools and services face an influx and recreational services this could wear them out
  • yet more jobs increases employment and local economy and increases tourism due to more people
46
Q

What challenges do rural areas, specifically Cornwall face?

A
  • inaccessibility makes journeys long and off putting
  • low knowledge economy due to a brain drain meaning lower incomes
  • lower access to healthcare and education
  • seasonal tourism leading to unpredictability
  • decline in traditional industries leading to deindustrialisation as imports are cheaper e.g. fishing and quarrying
47
Q

What is rural diversification?

A

-transfer from one agricultural activity to another to make it more economical

48
Q

What are the benefits and drawbacks of Cornwall’s Eden projects for rural diversification?

A
  • all weather attraction meaning generates annual income
  • designed on sustainable principles offering courses to educated about sustainable living
  • in first 10years, 13 million visited, providing tourist money, 700 in this employment and generating 3000 jobs elsewhere
  • visitor numbers are falling after having been once
  • sustainable aims fallen short as 97% of visitors come by car
49
Q

What are the benefits and drawbacks of Cornwall’s farm shops for rural diversification?

A
  • provides a market to sell farm produce
  • can be set up using regional development grants
  • creates jobs all year round
  • more attractive tourist locations
  • contributes more to the local economy that a supermarket in the same position
50
Q

What are the benefits and drawbacks of Cornwall’s Tourist accommodation for rural diversification?

A
  • supplements farm income
  • barn conversions provide accommodation for growing tourism
  • can be invested into leisure complexes like spas
  • can lead to less barn nesting space for birds like owls

geography (13 decks)

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