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geography > Challenges Of An Urbanising World - collaborative keynote > Flashcards

Challenges Of An Urbanising World - collaborative keynote Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

Refers to the rise in % of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas

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2
Q

What are the past and current trends in urbanisation?

A

Developing global regions have very rapid urbanisation leading to the growth of megacities in the developing world whereas the rate of urbanisation in developed regions is much slower
-mainly due to developed countries already being highly urbanised

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3
Q

How do you work out rate of change of urbanisation?

A

Actual increase / original value x 100%

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4
Q

What is a mega city?

A

A city of over 10 million people

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5
Q

What is a primate city (urban primacy)?

A

A city within a country that dominates its economic, financial and political systems in comparison to the rest of the country

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6
Q

What is a world city?

A

A city with a dominant and disproportionate role in global processes

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7
Q

Why is urbanisation happening fastest in emerging and developing countries?

A
  • push and pull factors (learn them) such as mechanisation and rural to urban migration
  • better paid jobs in cities
  • drought or natural disasters
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8
Q

What push factors are there that encourage rural to urban migration?

A
  • lower wages in the countryside
  • mechanisation
  • poverty
  • natural disasters and drought
  • population pressure
  • less social services
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9
Q

What pull factors are there that encourage rural to urban migration?

A
  • job opportunities with better wages
  • less natural disaster
  • better social services
  • bright light and entertainment
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10
Q

What is natural increase?

A

When birth rates are higher than death rates

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11
Q

What is formal and informal employment?

A
  • Formal employment are jobs that pay tax and provide workers with job security and legal protection - they are officially recorded
  • informal employment involves jobs that aren’t regulated as they don’t pay taxes and aren’t protected by the law
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12
Q

What are the differences between informal and formal employment?

A
  • sick pay VS no sick pay
  • taxes VS no taxes
  • suitable working conditions VS no set working conditions
  • structured and well payed VS not structured working hours and no minimum wage
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13
Q

Which type of employment is more important in cities in developed countries?

A

Not very important as it fuds a much smaller proportion of the countries GDP as it tend to be illegal and less tax is payed

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14
Q

Which type of employment is more important in cities in developed countries?

A

Formal employment as it fuels the economy due to factors such as tax paying and a higher GDP

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15
Q

Why is informal employment important in developing and emerging countries?

A
  • As it contributes largely to the countries GDP so can increase social spending.
  • It also provides jobs for those without qualifications.
  • It may also benefit the environment through jobs such as rubbish collection
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16
Q

What do we mean by ‘working conditions’?

A

A range of different things such as working environment, structured working hours, wages and safety

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17
Q

Which economic sector tends to generate the greatest proportion of GDP in emerging countries (primary, secondary or tertiary?)

A

-primary as much of the economy is focused around subsistent farming and agriculture

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18
Q

Which economic sector tends to generate the greatest proportion of GDP in developed countries (primary, secondary or tertiary?).

A

Tertiary as many people have qualifications to suit better paid experienced jobs

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19
Q

Which economic sector tends to generate the greatest proportion of GDP in developing countries (primary, secondary or tertiary?).

A

Secondary as many countries receive FDI from TNCs which provides manual factory work

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20
Q

What are the four areas of a developed world city and what is the model to show this?

A

CBD,inter city, suburbs, rural to urban fringe

-shown in a burgess model

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21
Q

What different land uses do the 4 areas in cities have?

A
  • CBD is most central and is used for commercial and business land uses
  • inner city is partially industrial and some residential with streets usually in grids
  • suburbs is for residential uses and usually has semi detached houses
  • rural to urban fringe is the boundary with the green belt with mostly housing but some commercial retail parks
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22
Q

What is suburbanisation?

A

The movement of people, industry and jobs fro, the centre of the city to outer areas like the suburbs

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23
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A

The movement of people out of the cities into the countryside (tends to be a developed world process)

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24
Q

What is regeneration?

A

When there is new investment into old run down parts of the city

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25
Q

How can accessibility influence land use?

A
  • city centres are usually very accessible as it is the centre of train and bus routes so businesses tend to locate here
  • also businesses near motorways and junctions to avoid congestion and attract business/people
26
Q

How can land value influence land use?

A
  • the city centre has the highest land prices and this price drops as you get further out of the city
  • houses tend to increase in size further out due to lower land prices
27
Q

How can planning regulations (government) influence land use?

A
  • city planners decide which buildings are suitable for which parts of a city
  • there may be limits on polluting industries in city centres but also in the rural to urban fringe due to protected green belt sites
28
Q

How can land availability influence land use?

A
  • land is limited in CBD so most buildings expand upwards
  • brownfield sites may be developed as shops or offices
  • there is more land available in the outer city for residential or industrial purposes
29
Q

How do cities change over time (what order do these processes typically occur in and why?)

A
  1. urbanisation as a country develops
  2. suburbanisation due to overcrowding and a lack of green space
  3. de industrialisation due to cheaper and more accessible land
  4. counter urbanisation due to higher quality of life and cheaper prices
  5. regeneration to attract people back to the city centre
30
Q

How can some of these city changes affect the population of cities and spatial growth?

A
  • Depopulation of cities as people may move to rural areas due to cheaper land, better quality of life and less overcrowding
  • increase car ownership means people can liver further away and commute to work so creates spatial growth outwards
31
Q

What is the site of Jakarta?

A
  • Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia, located on the island of Java.
  • It is located in the continent of south east Asia and is located south of Malaysia
  • the Pacific Ocean is to the east
32
Q

What is the situation of Jakarta?

A
  • Close to major economies such as China and India
  • Indonesia is a bridge between two continents (Asia and Australia)
  • major sea lanes around Indonesia for exports and trading
  • trades raw materials with Shanghai and Beijing
33
Q

Why do some people consider Jakarta as a world city?

A
  • good infrastructure, transportation developments such as (MRT)
  • fastest global ranking emerging city
  • skilled young workers
  • good business activity such as global conferences
  • quality of healthcare and education
34
Q

Describe how has Jakarta grown in population and spatially?

A
  • space that is undeveloped in Jakarta has decreased by 60% between 1992-2005
  • this means better infrastructure with a better quality of life so more people move here
35
Q

Why have rural migrants come to Jakarta?

A
  • come to find jobs
  • come for education
  • better housing and infrastructure
  • come for family reasons
36
Q

How has urban primacy led to Jakarta’s growth?

A
  • dominates the area economically

- the high growth in Jakarta has pit pressure on its surroundings to urbanise

37
Q

Why is land issues a reason for Jakarta’s growth?

A
  • increasing value of land in the CBD has caused growth outwards
  • kampungs have been pushed outwards
38
Q

How has reconstruction of the Indonesian economy lead to growth?

A
  • a shift towards manufacturing has creates jobs which attracts rural migrants
  • this is linked to the Clark fisher model as, as Jakarta develops it becomes more industrialised and now uses it as a hub to operate and trade from
39
Q

Reasons for rapid spatial growth in Jakarta?

A
  • shift towards a manufacturing and industrialised economy providing more factory jobs
  • push factors in rural areas
40
Q

Why is there variation in Jakarta’s wealth?

A
  • access to certain services such as education and healthcare
  • a persons background may keep them in a cycle of poverty
41
Q

Why might urban primacy be an issue for Jakarta?

A
  • economic growth may be concentrated leading to inequalities of wealth
  • political power becomes becomes focused towards the need of the city so a lack of investment in rural areas
42
Q

What is a Kampung?

A

A small slum like village

43
Q

What opportunities are there for people migrating to Jakarta?

A

Better infrastructure
Better jobs
Education and healthcare

44
Q

What are some problems Jakarta faces due to growth?

A
  • lack of access to clean water
  • overcrowded slum areas with lack of sanitation
  • poverty and hunger
  • more people, now most congested city globally, air pollution
  • waste management (20% of city drains aren’t working)
45
Q

What environmental problem does Jakarta face?

A

Jakarta has low lying plains, heavy monsoon seasons and increased industrialisation which had led to deforestation on surrounding hills increasing surface run off and decreasing infiltration

46
Q

How has Jakarta dealt with flooding and what are some effects?

A
  • canals need constant maintenance
  • 115 million in loans to fix solutions against flooding
  • 1 billion of damage per year
  • informal settlements in riverbeds are susceptible due to poor infrastructure (on average 54 deaths per year)
47
Q

What social issue does Jakarta face?

A

Traffic leading to Jakarta being the most congested city globally due to limited public transport and lack of city planning
- only 6.2% of city space is designated to roads so no space to expand

48
Q

What are the effects of Jakarta’s congestion?

A
  • Increased air pollution meaning many suffer from respiratory illness
  • 3 billion dollars of damage a year
49
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Meeting the needs of the present without jeopardising those of the past

50
Q

How has Jakarta aimed to solve their problems for water supply?

A

SKYHYDRATE

  • 10,000 litres of water per day (enough for 500 people)
  • costs almost nothing to operate and lasts for heats
  • utilises the power of gravity using an ultra fine filter and any water supply
  • can be maintained by local people
51
Q

What are some drawbacks of the skyhydrate (bottom-up)?

A
  • still needs maintenance from locals who must be trained
  • if it breaks it can no longer be used
  • initially expensive as it costs $3500
52
Q

What is the ciliwung River Normalisation Programme (top-down)?

A
  • pans to reduce problems caused by flooding
  • 7.5m access roads to dredge the river sides
  • widening the river from 20m to 50m
  • relocation of riverbank slums
53
Q

What are some positives of the ciliwung River Normalisation Programme?

A
  • provides jobs in new areas showing there is a way out of poverty and can now earn money
  • apartment blocks (better infrastructure) with first few months rent paid
  • shows government concerns creating collective community
54
Q

What are some negatives of the Ciliwung River Normalisation Programme?

A
  • takes away freedom and independence of slum communities
  • breaks up communities so people are less integrated
  • forced relocation isn’t fair
  • more expensive rents
  • top down project so may sway towards needs of the city rather than of the smaller communities
55
Q

What is Indonesia’s Gina coefficient?

A

Rose from 0.3 in 200 to 0.4 in 2015

-reflected by how quality of life varies across the city

56
Q

What are some advantages of the elevated road network?

A
  • aims to address congestion problems by increasing flow
  • decreases air pollution and its environmental impacts
  • decreases social problems, health risks and deaths
57
Q

Why might the elevated road network hinder sustainability?

A
  • extremely expensive as must be earthquake proof
  • top down project so is focused on the needs of a city as a whole rather then the poorer communities
  • may further increase congestion as temporarily there is less traffic
58
Q

What does the kampung improvement programme (KIP) (Bottom-up) do?

A

-addresses the strain on infrastructure and quality of life growth has brought by aiming to provide 3 basic stages of infrastructure

59
Q

What are some positives of the Kampung Improvement Programme?

A
  • improved access routes to provides resources for these communities as growth has led to exploitation
  • addresses water supply, sanitation and drainage canals meaning epidemics are less likely to spread and cleaner living areas
  • improves education which can create a positive multiplier effect
60
Q

What are some disadvantages of the Kampung improvement programme?

A
  • doesn’t explicitly improve housing and internal facilities meaning they still have a poor quality of life - cycle of poverty still
  • doesn’t address needs of Jakarta as a whole so less impact
61
Q

Explain Jakarta’s spatial growth?

A

Wetland and open space farmland has been consumed by the expanding city and much is now densely populated. This has lead to an increase in population in the core

62
Q

Why is land/people concentrated at the rural-urban fringe?

A

-Land is cheaper at the rural-urban fringe as it is more prone
to landslides and natural disasters
-People are too poor to afford to live in the CBD/more central
area

geography (13 decks)

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