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geography > Fieldwork > Flashcards

Fieldwork Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the stages of enquiry?

A
  • using photos, maps and research to write up an enquiry Q
  • conduct further readers have into the place
  • plan methodology and sampling strategy
  • conduct primary data collection and then process/present this as well as analyse and explain it using theory to reach a conclusion
  • reflect critically and evaluate the whole investigation
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2
Q

What is sampling?

A

A way of collecting data to represent the whole population

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3
Q

What is primary and secondary data?

A
  • primary is data you’ve collected yourself

- secondary is data collected and processed by someone else

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4
Q

What is qualitative and quantitive data?

A

Qualitative data is based on diagrams words and pictures (not numbers)
Quantitive data is based on numbers and statistics

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5
Q

What are the pros and cons of secondary data?

A
  • easy and quick to access
  • already analysed and processed so can support primary data
  • may be inaccuracies your unaware of
  • may be subjective and not relevant
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6
Q

What is an effective sampling strategy?

A

Understands the trade off between representing the whole population and the time,money and resources that may be needed to do this

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7
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Every item in a population has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample -it is random

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8
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Each sample is selected in a regular manner and it is linear (e.g. along a line transect)

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9
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Sampling is done from different subgroups/areas where each needs to be represented fairly according to their proportions

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10
Q

What sampling strategy is used in our fieldwork?

A

Stratified

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11
Q

What was our urban fieldwork testing?

A

How does QOL vary between park barn and marrow?

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12
Q

What are reasons for varying QOL between wards?

A
  • people are born into areas or poverty and wealth (cycle)
  • High income houses tend to have bigger and nicer houses
  • tends to be more crime and higher unemployment in poor areas
  • access to services and transport vary
  • poorer areas have a lack of respect (graffiti)due to renter property
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13
Q

How does the burgess model support our urban enquiry?

A

Suggests that housing quality often improves as you move outwards for, the inner city but this isn’t always the case as some areas may be council estates or regenerated

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14
Q

What is the index of multiple deprivation (IMD)?

A

Ranks each small areas from 1st most deprived to 32,844 least deprived and covers seven denominations of deprivation
-however economic factors are placed ahead of environmental and social

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15
Q

What did you do for the noise survey, why is it useful, evaluation?

A

Used decibel ultra to record average noise across 4 points

  • useful as it is quantitive data so isn’t subjective so it accurately indicates how busy an area is
  • yet room for human error and there are anomalies which affect the average
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16
Q

What did you do for the traffic count, why is it useful, evaluation?

A

Stand at each of the 4 points and count the number of vehicles form 5 minutes and calculate and average

  • good as it is quantitive data so isn’t subjective and again indicated how busy and built up and area is
  • room for human error such as miscount and points may provide anomalies which would affect the mean average
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17
Q

What did you do for the litter survey, why is it useful, evaluation?

A
  • record how much litter can be seen at each of the 4 points
  • gives an indication of how clean an area is so may reflect the money and respect put into its care and cleaning, its quantitive so provides numerical data
  • however, it’s subjective as it is being observed so there may be miscounted or areas not seen
18
Q

What did you do for the questionnaire, why is it useful, evaluation?

A

Ask 4-5 people across the 4 areas asking a variety if questions to indicate QOL such as how can this are be improved and opinions?

  • personal analysis which is lacked in quantitive data and indicates QOL that isn’t based on economic or litter/noise factors
  • extremely subjective and doesn’t provide numerical data harder to find average
19
Q

How can an urban enquiry be limited?

A
  • subjective data
  • time of day and week influences results
  • weather and temperature may reflect amount of traffic and reluctancy to answer questions
  • bias sampling (not choosing dodgy areas may affect results)
20
Q

What was our rural enquiry question?

A

An investigation into the downstream changes and the flood risk of the river tillingbourne

21
Q

What is the method for measuring width of the river?

A
  • select a suitable area
  • stretch the 30m tape measure 2cm above water level and taut, across the bank from left to right
  • ensure to be looking upstream so tape measure is perpendicular to flow of water
  • read the width in meters and record
22
Q

What was the justification for measuring width or rivers?

A
  • width was measured to see evidence of downstream change in this variable - it increases downstream
  • 30m tale measure was used as it has greater flexibility so allows greater accuracy and it is accessible/cheap
  • this method was told as it was quick and simple as well as giving results in accurate measurements
23
Q

What was the evaluation for measuring width of rivers?

A
  • presence of vegetarians on the side of banks obscured the bank edges for even more accurate readings
  • tape measure was difficult to keep taut and untangled which could creates inaccuracies
  • instead select and area with no vegetation and use a metal tape measure
24
Q

What was the method for measuring depth?

A
  • record depth 11 times at equal intervals by dividing total width by 10 using a 1m ruler
  • using a meter ruler measure depth at each interval starting on left
  • make sure to place the rule to the bottom of the river
  • ensure it is streamlined by holding it parallel to the direction of flow
25
Q

What was the justification for measuring depth?

A
  • to see if there was evidence if downstream change of this variable, it did increase so supported our hypothesis
  • 1m ruler was suitable as water wasn’t any taller and gave accurate readings
  • it was quick and simple to use
26
Q

What were the limitations of measuring depth?

A
  • if held perpendicular water may flow up the ruler affecting readings
  • may be misinterpreted by not actually reaching river bed but rather a rock
  • as an improvement use a metal ruler which flexes less and try to observe if it reaches the bottom rather than based of feel
27
Q

What was the method to measure river velocity?

A
  • measure 3 readings from the left, middle and right facing upstream and using a hydro prop
  • make sure the impeller fan is found to the end of the thread and not too tight
  • make sure to stand behind to not effect the flow of water
  • use a stop watch to time how long it takes and compare to calibration chart to work out the velocity
28
Q

What is the justification for measuring velocity of the river?

A
  • Need to work out velocity in order to measure discharge
  • hydroprop have accurate readings if velocity as did a stopwatch
  • quick and easy to use and more accurate than measuring speed of a stick
29
Q

What is the evaluation of measuring velocity?

A
  • impeller got caught in plants blocking its movement and if wound to tight it couldn’t move as well as if it rusted
  • also if sediment was kicked it impeded flow and clouded vision meaning you couldn’t see the impeller
  • also by changing the stopwatch reader reaction times might vary
30
Q

What was the method of the field sketch?

A
  • using a pencil and plain paper, observe the surroundings and draw key and relevant features in the landscape
  • annotate the field sketch with detailed notes
  • make sure the field sketch has a scale, orientation, time and labels
31
Q

What was the justification for the field sketch?

A
  • by giving a quick observation of surrounding area not just the river or certain areas so showed what influenced it
  • it was quick and easy and saw the river side factors
32
Q

What were the limitations and improvements to be made to the field sketch?

A
  • drawings may be illegible
  • difficult to draw and accurate bird’s eye view
  • to improve combine the field sketch with a photograph
33
Q

How do dams affect the river side?

A

On the water front behind the dam the river becomes wide and deep as it is trapped and a reservoir flooded while the other side is Starved of water and a lot less deep
Other channel management like levees and dredging also decrease flood

34
Q

How does vegetation effect rivers?

A
  • increases interception, transpiration and absorption but reduces infiltration and surface run off- all in all decreases river discharge
  • therefore deforestation for pastoral farming increases discharge
35
Q

How does urbanisation affect rivers?

A

Increases the amount of impermeable surfaces so surface run off increases whilst infiltration and interception decreases

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of scatter graphs, triangular graphs and pie charts?

A
  • Scatter graphs only show the relationship between two variables
  • Piecharts with lots of small segments can be difficult to interpret
  • triangular graphs must have data in %
37
Q

What are the disadvantages of chloropleth maps and bar graphs?

A
  • Chloropleth maps hide variation within areas

- bar graphs fail to shows the relationship between categories

38
Q

What are the advantages of named data presentation?

A
  • isopleth maps are ideal for showing gradual change over an area
  • proportional symbol map is very accessible and easy to understand
  • flow maps show direction and volume of movement
  • kite diagrams show changes over distance
  • dot maps give a clear indication of density differences in distribution
39
Q

What are the benefits of GIS?

A

Geographical information system

  • great for showing spatial change
  • different options and tools help with data analysis and presentation
40
Q

What secondary data was used for rural fieldwork?

A
  • Geology map to show varying rock types and permeability which showed our drainage basin was permeable decreasing flood risk
  • land use maps showed how other factors inflicted flood risk like urbanisation, farmland, river management and CBA
  • satellite photograph to support field sketch
  • climate graph showed antecedent conditions
  • census data but this may be outdated or poorly analysed
41
Q

What secondary data was used for urban fieldwork?

A
  • IMD data and census data showed more unemployment in poorer area, more uneducated, lower incomes and less luxurious pastimes
  • data can be outdated and too broad so doesn’t show disparities
  • satellite photograph could indicate land use, house size and cleanliness

geography (13 decks)

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