UK History

Question 1

Land Bridge

Answer 1

Pre-historic migration to Britain over a land bridge. People inhabited the whole island (stone age village of Skara Brae in Orkney Islands).

Question 2

Megalithic Structures

Answer 2

Built in ancient Britain.

• funeral cairns (mohyly)
• stone circles (Stonehenge, Avebury)
• chalk figures (Uffington horse)

Question 3

Iron Age Culture

Answer 3

The Celts become dominant culture in the British Isles (used iron tools and weapons)

Question 4

Julius Caesar, 55 BC

Answer 4

Invades and “conquers” England for Rome. A full-scale invasion and conquest of England was led by Emperor Claudius (43 AD) – colony of Britannia, capital Londinium (bridge over the Thames).

Question 5

Queen Boudicca’s Revolt (60 AD)

Answer 5

Celts vs. Romans => sack of London => Battle of Watling Street

Celts lost to Rome.

Question 6

Hadrian’s Wall

Answer 6

Roman expansion to Scotland fails => Hadrian’s Wall built between England and Scotland

Question 7

Roman departure from Britain

Answer 7

End of the 4th century – Romans withdraw (stahují se). Britain is open to attacks.

Question 8

Germanic Tribes

Answer 8

The Angles (Denmark), Saxons (Germany) and Jutes (Sweden). Invaded Britain in 5 - 6th centuries.

Question 9

Struggle of 3 Cultures (Medieval Britain)

Answer 9

The Celts, the Romans and The Anglo-Saxons => legends of King Arthur.

The Anglo-Saxons became the strongest => the Anglo-Saxon period

Question 10

Viking Invasions

Answer 10

in the 9th century Viking expeditions attack coastal towns of Britain and Ireland

Question 11

The Seven Kingdoms and Alfred the Great

Answer 11

Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, East Anglia united by Alfred the Great to fight off the Vikings = unification of England (918).

Question 12

1066 Danish and Norman Invasion

Answer 12

Anglo-Saxon England (Harold of Godwyn) vs. Denmark (Harold Hardrada => The Battle of Stamford Bridge) vs. Normandy (William the Conqueror => The Battle of Hastings) => the Norman period was the result

Question 13

The Norman Period (Culture)

Answer 13

French language, feudalism, gothic architecture, castles (The Tower of London, Dover Castle), cathedrals

Question 14

The 100 Years War

Answer 14

• reasons: English land in France, dominance over Flanders (a trade centre).
• Important moments: Battle of Crécy (English win), Battle of Agincourt (English win), Joan of Arc’s campaign and the Siege of Orleans (English lose).
• Result: English loses all land in France, except for the Port of Calais.

Question 15

The War of the Roses

Answer 15

The House of Lancaster (red rose) vs. The House of York (white rose) => result: both dynasties killed off – Henry Tudor => Henry VII

Question 16

Henry II

Answer 16

disagreed with the Pope – appointing the bishops => murder of Saint Thomas Becket

Question 17

Richard I the Lionheart

Answer 17

led the crusade to reclaim Jerusalem, famous knight, mostly away (=> Robin Hood)

Question 18

John Lackland

Answer 18

Richard the Lionheart’s brother, weak king => rebellion => Magna Carta (1215) – the king controlled by English Parliament

Question 19

The Renaissance

Answer 19

rise of new nobility, influence of Italian art and culture, great art (Shakespeare), English dominance on the seas, wealth from colonies, but also religious struggle

Question 20

Henry VIII

Answer 20

Problem to produce a male heir (dědic): Pope refused his divorce with Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn. Ultimately: 6 wives, no son => The Succession Act (female heir – Elizabeth I)

Split with Roman Catholicism – established The Church of England (head: the king, highest official: the archbishop of Canterbury). Disbanded monasteries and confiscated church property.

Question 21

Elizabeth I

Answer 21

Struggle between Catholics and Anglicans – Scottish queen Mary I Stuart (Elizabeth’s cousin) => arrested, executed Golden age of theatre: William Shakespeare, Ben Johnson, Kitt Marlowe War with Spain (she won)

Question 22

War with Spain

Answer 22

War with Spain over naval (námořní) dominance => Battle in the English Channel => English victory, destruction of the Spanish Armada => England gains colonies in North America (Virginia

Question 23

The Stuarts

Answer 23

James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II – originally from Scotland, kings in both countries

Question 24

James I and Charles I

Answer 24

Catholics, tried to convert England back to Catholicism => struggles with the Parliament

Question 25

Puritans and Cavaliers

Answer 25

Puritans (Roundheads, radical protestants) vs. Cavaliers (royalists, catholics)

Question 26

The Civil War (1642 - 1651)

Answer 26

* Charles I vs. The Parliament, army lead by Oliver Cromwell Cromwell wins, Charles I was arrested and executed. * Cromwell dissolved the Parliament and appointed himself **Lord Protector** =\> **Cromwell’s Protectorate** * After his death, The Stuarts were restored, but remained unpopular

Question 27

The Glorious Revolution

Answer 27

The Glorious Revolution (1688): James II deposed by William III of Orange =\> **The Bill of Rights**, **freedom of press, The Act of Union** (England + Scotland = The United Kingdom of Great Britain)

Question 28

The Tories and the Whigs

Answer 28

The Parliament wields more power than the king – two parties: **The Tories** (nobility, royalists, conservative) and **The Whigs** (bourgeois, parliamentarian, liberal)

Question 29

The Industrial Revolution

Answer 29

Industrial revolution – invention of steam engine (James Watt) rise of industry and immigration to cities (factory workers) =\> London becomes the biggest city on the planet

Question 30

The Napoleonic Wars

Answer 30

Napoleonic Wars – Britain on the winning side. Defeated Napoleon on sea (admiral Horatio Nelson – The Battle of Trafalgar) and land (Duke of Wellington – The Battle of Waterloo)

Question 31

Queen Victoria

Answer 31

1834 - 1901 Golden age of British Empire: the height of colonial, economic, scientific and military power Famous personalities: Charles Dickens, Charles Darwin, David Livingstone, Alexander G. Bell, Florence Nightingale

Question 32

WWI (1914 - 1918)

Answer 32

Britain allied with France and Russia (and eventually Italy) against Germany and Austro-Hungarian Empire Reason: Britain tries to keep Germany from becoming an industrial and colonial power

Question 33

Trench warfare

Answer 33

WWI. (zákopová válka) – very brutal: first use of tanks, fighter and bomber airplanes, chemical weapons

Question 34

The Interwar Period

Answer 34

1922 – Ireland becomes an independent state: The Republic of Ireland After the death of George V, his son Edward VIII became the king

Question 35

Edward VIII

Answer 35

(Interwar period) Edward VIII proposed to marry divorced American actress Wallis Simpson =\> had to resign and his brother, George VI (father of Queen Elizabeth II) became the king

Question 36

Arthur Neville Chamberlain

Answer 36

Prime Minister Arthur Neville Chamberlain =\> tried to keep peace with Hitler (appeasement politics =\> Munich Treaty).

Question 37

Winston Churchill

Answer 37

After Germany occupied Denmark and Norway, Chamberlain resigned and was replaced by Churchill Britain entered WWII on the side of Poland and France (against Germany, Italy and Japan)

Question 38

Order of WWII

Answer 38

Withdrawal of Dunkirk =\> The Battle of Britain (air battle) and The Blitz (bombing of London) =\> Campaign in North Africa (battles of Tobruk and El Alamein) =\> Invasion to Normady (D-Day, Operation Overlord)

Question 39

Decolonization

Answer 39

former colonies gain self-governance and become members of **Commonwealth of Nations** (1931)

Question 40

Indian decolonization

Answer 40

non-violent protests and boycotts. In 1947 the British divided their colony into two self-governing countries: India and Pakistan

Question 41

Other decolonized countries

Answer 41

South Africa 1931 =\> 1960; Egypt 1948, Singapore, Sudan, Ghana

Question 42

Margaret Thatcher (1979 - 1990)

Answer 42

Conservative Party PM. "The Iron Lady." Controversial, strict right-wing politician – neoliberalism. Public protests of miners (Liverpool, Midlands), children of immigrants (London, Liverpool), Irish (Derry, Belfast)

Question 43

Falkland Islands War

Answer 43

Happened under Margaret Thatcher as PM. Britain vs. Argentina over British islands close to Argentinian mainland. British win.

Question 44

Answer 44

Alfred the Great

Question 45

Answer 45

Henry VIII

Question 46

Answer 46

William the Conqueror

Question 47

Answer 47

Charles I

Question 48

Answer 48

Elizabeth I

Question 49

Answer 49

Winston Churchill