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English Conversation (Oktava) > UK History > Flashcards

UK History Flashcards

Know key events and people from pre-history to modern times in the UK

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1
Q

Land Bridge

A

Pre-historic migration to Britain over a land bridge. People inhabited the whole island (stone age village of Skara Brae in Orkney Islands).

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2
Q

Megalithic Structures

A

Built in ancient Britain.

  • funeral cairns (mohyly)
  • stone circles (Stonehenge, Avebury)
  • chalk figures (Uffington horse)
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3
Q

Iron Age Culture

A

The Celts become dominant culture in the British Isles (used iron tools and weapons)

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4
Q

Julius Caesar, 55 BC

A

Invades and “conquers” England for Rome. A full-scale invasion and conquest of England was led by Emperor Claudius (43 AD) – colony of Britannia, capital Londinium (bridge over the Thames).

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5
Q

Queen Boudicca’s Revolt (60 AD)

A

Celts vs. Romans => sack of London => Battle of Watling Street

Celts lost to Rome.

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6
Q

Hadrian’s Wall

A

Roman expansion to Scotland fails => Hadrian’s Wall built between England and Scotland

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7
Q

Roman departure from Britain

A

End of the 4th century – Romans withdraw (stahují se). Britain is open to attacks.

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8
Q

Germanic Tribes

A

The Angles (Denmark), Saxons (Germany) and Jutes (Sweden). Invaded Britain in 5 - 6th centuries.

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9
Q

Struggle of 3 Cultures (Medieval Britain)

A

The Celts, the Romans and The Anglo-Saxons => legends of King Arthur.

The Anglo-Saxons became the strongest => the Anglo-Saxon period

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10
Q

Viking Invasions

A

in the 9th century Viking expeditions attack coastal towns of Britain and Ireland

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11
Q

The Seven Kingdoms and Alfred the Great

A

Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, East Anglia united by Alfred the Great to fight off the Vikings = unification of England (918).

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12
Q

1066 Danish and Norman Invasion

A

Anglo-Saxon England (Harold of Godwyn) vs. Denmark (Harold Hardrada => The Battle of Stamford Bridge) vs. Normandy (William the Conqueror => The Battle of Hastings) => the Norman period was the result

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13
Q

The Norman Period (Culture)

A

French language, feudalism, gothic architecture, castles (The Tower of London, Dover Castle), cathedrals

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14
Q

The 100 Years War

A
  • reasons: English land in France, dominance over Flanders (a trade centre).
  • Important moments: Battle of Crécy (English win), Battle of Agincourt (English win), Joan of Arc’s campaign and the Siege of Orleans (English lose).
  • Result: English loses all land in France, except for the Port of Calais.
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15
Q

The War of the Roses

A

The House of Lancaster (red rose) vs. The House of York (white rose) => result: both dynasties killed off – Henry Tudor => Henry VII

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16
Q

Henry II

A

disagreed with the Pope – appointing the bishops => murder of Saint Thomas Becket

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17
Q

Richard I the Lionheart

A

led the crusade to reclaim Jerusalem, famous knight, mostly away (=> Robin Hood)

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18
Q

John Lackland

A

Richard the Lionheart’s brother, weak king => rebellion => Magna Carta (1215) – the king controlled by English Parliament

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19
Q

The Renaissance

A

rise of new nobility, influence of Italian art and culture, great art (Shakespeare), English dominance on the seas, wealth from colonies, but also religious struggle

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20
Q

Henry VIII

A

Problem to produce a male heir (dědic): Pope refused his divorce with Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn. Ultimately: 6 wives, no son => The Succession Act (female heir – Elizabeth I)

Split with Roman Catholicism – established The Church of England (head: the king, highest official: the archbishop of Canterbury). Disbanded monasteries and confiscated church property.

21
Q

Elizabeth I

A

Struggle between Catholics and Anglicans – Scottish queen Mary I Stuart (Elizabeth’s cousin) => arrested, executed Golden age of theatre: William Shakespeare, Ben Johnson, Kitt Marlowe War with Spain (she won)

22
Q

War with Spain

A

War with Spain over naval (námořní) dominance => Battle in the English Channel => English victory, destruction of the Spanish Armada => England gains colonies in North America (Virginia

23
Q

The Stuarts

A

James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II – originally from Scotland, kings in both countries

24
Q

James I and Charles I

A

Catholics, tried to convert England back to Catholicism => struggles with the Parliament

25
Q

Puritans and Cavaliers

A

Puritans (Roundheads, radical protestants) vs. Cavaliers (royalists, catholics)

26
Q

The Civil War (1642 - 1651)

A
  • Charles I vs. The Parliament, army lead by Oliver Cromwell Cromwell wins, Charles I was arrested and executed.
  • Cromwell dissolved the Parliament and appointed himself Lord Protector => Cromwell’s Protectorate
  • After his death, The Stuarts were restored, but remained unpopular
27
Q

The Glorious Revolution

A

The Glorious Revolution (1688): James II deposed by William III of Orange => The Bill of Rights, freedom of press, The Act of Union (England + Scotland = The United Kingdom of Great Britain)

28
Q

The Tories and the Whigs

A

The Parliament wields more power than the king – two parties: The Tories (nobility, royalists, conservative) and The Whigs (bourgeois, parliamentarian, liberal)

29
Q

The Industrial Revolution

A

Industrial revolution – invention of steam engine (James Watt) rise of industry and immigration to cities (factory workers) => London becomes the biggest city on the planet

30
Q

The Napoleonic Wars

A

Napoleonic Wars – Britain on the winning side. Defeated Napoleon on sea (admiral Horatio Nelson – The Battle of Trafalgar) and land (Duke of Wellington – The Battle of Waterloo)

31
Q

Queen Victoria

A

1834 - 1901 Golden age of British Empire: the height of colonial, economic, scientific and military power Famous personalities: Charles Dickens, Charles Darwin, David Livingstone, Alexander G. Bell, Florence Nightingale

32
Q

WWI (1914 - 1918)

A

Britain allied with France and Russia (and eventually Italy) against Germany and Austro-Hungarian Empire Reason: Britain tries to keep Germany from becoming an industrial and colonial power

33
Q

Trench warfare

A

WWI. (zákopová válka) – very brutal: first use of tanks, fighter and bomber airplanes, chemical weapons

34
Q

The Interwar Period

A

1922 – Ireland becomes an independent state: The Republic of Ireland After the death of George V, his son Edward VIII became the king

35
Q

Edward VIII

A

(Interwar period) Edward VIII proposed to marry divorced American actress Wallis Simpson => had to resign and his brother, George VI (father of Queen Elizabeth II) became the king

36
Q

Arthur Neville Chamberlain

A

Prime Minister Arthur Neville Chamberlain => tried to keep peace with Hitler (appeasement politics => Munich Treaty).

37
Q

Winston Churchill

A

After Germany occupied Denmark and Norway, Chamberlain resigned and was replaced by Churchill Britain entered WWII on the side of Poland and France (against Germany, Italy and Japan)

38
Q

Order of WWII

A

Withdrawal of Dunkirk => The Battle of Britain (air battle) and The Blitz (bombing of London) => Campaign in North Africa (battles of Tobruk and El Alamein) => Invasion to Normady (D-Day, Operation Overlord)

39
Q

Decolonization

A

former colonies gain self-governance and become members of Commonwealth of Nations (1931)

40
Q

Indian decolonization

A

non-violent protests and boycotts. In 1947 the British divided their colony into two self-governing countries: India and Pakistan

41
Q

Other decolonized countries

A

South Africa 1931 => 1960; Egypt 1948, Singapore, Sudan, Ghana

42
Q

Margaret Thatcher (1979 - 1990)

A

Conservative Party PM. “The Iron Lady.” Controversial, strict right-wing politician – neoliberalism. Public protests of miners (Liverpool, Midlands), children of immigrants (London, Liverpool), Irish (Derry, Belfast)

43
Q

Falkland Islands War

A

Happened under Margaret Thatcher as PM. Britain vs. Argentina over British islands close to Argentinian mainland. British win.

44
Q
A

Alfred the Great

45
Q
A

Henry VIII

46
Q
A

William the Conqueror

47
Q
A

Charles I

48
Q
A

Elizabeth I

49
Q
A

Winston Churchill

English Conversation (Oktava) (17 decks)

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