Uk Challenges (Paper 3)

Question 1

What was the UK’s population size in 2010 and what is it expected to be in 2035?

Answer 1

62.3 million, 73.2 million

Question 2

What is net migration?

Answer 2

The difference between the number of people entering and leaving a country

Question 3

What is an immigrant?

Answer 3

Someone who enters the country (new country)

Question 4

What is an emigrant?

Answer 4

Someone who leaves a country (of origin)

Question 5

What are some population managemnet strategies?

Answer 5

-Make buidlings taller
-Build on land with unused buildings to try keep the green belt intact
-Sustainable energy sources
-River management to have houses away from them
-Improving education on conservation of resources

Question 6

What is the UK’s projected house shortfalling ?

Answer 6

3 million homes over the next 5 years

Question 7

Where di 50% of the UK’s energy come from in 2014?

Answer 7

Fossil fuels

Question 8

How many houses could brown field sites create?

Answer 8

200,000 new homes

Question 9

What % of health professionals came from outside the UK?

Answer 9

35% (migration)

Question 10

What are the main methods of sustainable transport?

Answer 10

-Congestion charge
-Cycle routes
-Public transport
-Electric/hybrid vehicle development

Question 11

What is an example of a congestion charge?

Answer 11

In London, £15 a day, introduced in 2013, in the first 10 years traffic decreased by 10% and pollutants by 12%

Question 12

What is an example of a cycle route?

Answer 12

Bristol is the UK’s first ‘cycling city’ which promotes cycling

Question 13

What are the advantages of congestion charegs?

Answer 13

+Encourages people to use public transport, reducing the number of private vehicles entering the city
+Reducing congestion which prevents stationary vehicles in queues

Question 14

What are the disadvantages of congestion charges?

Answer 14

-Could stop tourists
-Could reduce the growth of businesses
-Expensive

Question 15

What are the advantages of public transport?

Answer 15

+Makes use of same transport, using less fuel
+Bigger profits

Question 16

What are the disadvantages of public transport?

Answer 16

-Expensive to run if not many people use it
-Not very reliable

Question 17

What are the advantages of hybrid/electric vehicles?

Answer 17

+Doesn’t produce emissions
+Good for short journeys

Question 18

What are the disadvantgaes of hybrid/electric vehicles?

Answer 18

-Lack of charging points
-Engines are quiet, increase pedestrians risk

Question 19

What are the advantages of cycle routes?

Answer 19

+Safe place for cyclists
+Reduces number of private vehicles on roads

Question 20

What are the disadvantages of cycle routes?

Answer 20

-People are less inclined to cycle with poor weather
-Lack of space makes it difficult to make

Question 21

What is a two speed economy?

Answer 21

The ideas that economic growth within the UK is not uniform across the whole country
e.g. London and the south east of England experience significantly higher and faster economic growth than the northern parts of England and Wales

Question 22

What are some solutions to a two speed economy?

Answer 22

-Providing more things in less developed areas
-Change in population across the UK
-High speed rail connecting the north and the south so people can live in the north and travel to work in london
-Invest in transport to improve the movement of works and freight across the north e.g. smart motorways
-Use ‘smart tickets’ to allow easier travel, making people want to
-Improvemnets in connecting to northern airports, such as Manchester to encourage travel and invest from abroad

Question 23

What are the advantages of building on greenfield sites?

Answer 23

+Relatively cheap and rates of house building faster
+Healthier environment
+The layout isn’t hampered by previous development

Question 24

What are the disadvantages of building on greenfield sites?

Answer 24

-Valuable farm or recreational land lost
-Often far from work and services, generating more traffic
-Wildlife and their habitats are lost or disturbed

Question 25

What are the advantages of building on brownfield sites?

Answer 25

+Services such as water, electricity and sewage are already in place
+Helps revive old and disused urban areas
+Reduces the loss of countryside or land that might be put to agricultural or recreational use

Question 26

What are the disadvantages of building on brownfield sites?

Answer 26

-Sometimes surrounded by run-down areas so isn’t appealing to buyers
-Higher levels of pollution meaning it’s a less healthy environment
-More expensive to develop on as old buildings need to be cleared first

Question 27

What is a national park?

Answer 27

A protected area, they have been set up since the 1950s and they are to protect countryside, heritage, wildlife and habitats in these locations e.g. Snowdonia

Question 28

How many Uk properties are at risk of flooding today and home much will this increase to?

Answer 28

300,000 and will increase to 1.2 million by 2080

Question 29

What are the two hard enigneering techniques used to reudce flood risk?

Answer 29

Dams - barriers cinstructed to hold back water in artificial lakes
Channelisation - deepening and/or straightening the channel

Question 30

What are the two soft engineering techniques used to reduce flood risk?

Answer 30

Floodplain zoning - land is allocated for different uses depending on the flood risk
Afforestation - Trees are planted to reduce flooding by trees absorbing water

Question 31

What are the two main cuases of coastal flooding?

Answer 31

-Storm surges (high tide in a storm)
-Rising sea levels (climate change, 40 cm extra by 2100)

Question 32

What are sea walls and the pros and cons of them?

Answer 32

Barriers constructed to protect cliffs against erosion
+Often include walkways
-Expensive to maintain

Question 33

What is Rip rap and the pros and cons of it?

Answer 33

Boulders force waves to break dissipating energy and reducing cliff erosion
+Quickly put in place, cheap to maintain
-Can impede access to beach and doesn’t fit with local geology

Question 34

What are groynes and the pros and cons of them?

Answer 34

Stops longshore drift by trapping sediment and so the beach widnes
+Quick to construct and makes a bigger beach
-Effects movement of sediemnt so can create issues further down the coast by causing an increase rate of erosion

Question 35

What is dune regeneration and the pros and cons of it?

Answer 35

Plant vegetation and roots hold the sand together
+Natural and cheap to do
-May look out of place in the sand

Question 36

What is beach nourishment and the pros and cons of it?

Answer 36

Beach can absorb more wave energy and portect coast
+Easy and cheap to maintain, sediment is obtained locally
-Won’t last long if subject to strong storms, needs constant maintenance, restricts access to beach

Question 37

What are the impacts of climate change?

Answer 37

-Rising sea levels which causes an increase in flooding. The annual costs of flooding are estimated to rise from £2 billion to £12 billion by 2080
-Mleting glaciers
-Extreme weather events. This could lead to an increase in illness putting preasure on the NHS
Changes in average rainfall patterns
-Seasons changing causes distruction of animal habitats and biodiversity to suffer
-Disrupted food supply chain

Question 38

What was the UK energy use from renewables equivalent to in 2011?

Answer 38

Burning 1.9 million tonnes of oil whereas 2017 it was 5.7 million tonnes

Question 39

How was dartmoors upland landscape formed?

Answer 39

A massive dome of magma developed. As the magma cooled it contracted to form granite and cracks. Weaker joints mean freeze thaw occured and overtime more and more granite was exposed to air. Overtime leaving the largest blocks behind called Tors.

Question 40

How were the North and South downs formed?

Answer 40

75 million years ago Britain was covered in warm, tropical seas where lots of marine deposits were formed on the sea bed. Large earth movements caused the sea bed to be folded and deformed upwards creating a large Chalk covered dome. Water eroded the chalk away revealing sandstone and clay creating escarpments. A steep slope is made of svarp slope, a more gentle one is know as a dip slope.

Question 41

Why are the south downs good for agriculture?

Answer 41

85% of National Park is farmed with approximately 1,100 farm businesses operating.
As the underlying geology is chalk the soil is well drained and so the grass whcih grows is short and rich in nutrients - ideal for sheep grazing and training race horses, this is the case for most of the norther areas of the south downs.
On the lower, more southern slopes of the south downs the soils are deeper and so are used for growin crops such as wheat and barley

Question 42

What are tha advantages and disadvantages of farming?

Answer 42

+Income generated, crops help support rare birds such as skylarks and the many hedgerows also create habitats for bats
-Changes in farming practices have reduced some arable plants which impacts some habitats, chemicals have been used in farming which damages the land and in more recent years less sheep have been grazed which leads to scrub encroachment (invasion of bushes)

Question 43

What is the forestry like in the south downs?

Answer 43

The south downs has a mixture of deciduous and coniferous woodland which covers 24% of the park. The distribution of the woodland is uneven, with the west being more heavily wooded than th east. Most of the trees have been cleared by humans called deforestation.

Question 44

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the forestry in the south downs?

Answer 44

+Many of the ancient trees provide habitats for a diverse range of wildlide and the timber which is harvested from the woodland meets the growing demand in the construction industry and fuel for heating
-The removal of woodland for new developments threatens some of the wildood trees (oldest woodland) such as the large leaved lime trees. Many of the Hazel and Chestnut trees are also under threat so the biodiversity of the ares is reduced

Question 45

What are the settlements like in the south downs/

Answer 45

Settlements were built along the south sloped with shelter from the naturally formed slope. These settlements are known as spring-line settlements
The population of the south downs is 120,000 (2016) making it the most populated National Park in the UK. It has a population density of 74 people per km2 (2016). It is also home to some of the largest market towns in the UK including Lewes, Petersfield and Midhurst whic are predominantly built from local building materials.
More recently however, these settlements have been extended and sometimes these newer developments are not in keeping with the traditional styles of buildings so some local distinctiveness has been lost.