UDEMY / Upper Intermediate 2 Flashcards
UDEMY - Özel Ders Formatında Sıfırdan Zirveye İngilizce Eğitim Seti
PAST CONTINUOUS - Time Expressions
How does Past Continuous use specific time expressions?
Focus on describing ongoing actions at a specific moment
Time expressions provide context for when the action was occurring.
Examples: “I was talking on the phone at 9 o’clock yesterday evening.”
Time-specific focus.
Common time expressions include “yesterday evening” and “all evening.”
WHEN/WHILE USAGE
How is Past Continuous used with when/while?
Reflect on interrupted actions.
“When” introduces an action that interrupts; “while” connects two ongoing actions.
Example: “When Peter came home, I was doing my homework.”
Interruption focus.
“While” is often used for simultaneous actions, while “when” signals interruption.
SIMULTANEOUS ACTIONS
How does Past Continuous describe simultaneous actions?
Focus on ongoing actions happening at the same time.
Used for two or more actions that were happening together in the past.
Example: “I was doing my homework and my brother was playing computer games.”
Multi-action focus.
Commonly used to describe routine or overlapping activities.
STORY BACKGROUND
How is Past Continuous used in storytelling?
Reflect on its role in setting the scene.
Describes the background or atmosphere in a story.
Example: “It was getting darker and darker and it was snowing heavily; suddenly, there was…”
Background description focus.
Creates mood or context before introducing the main events.
PAST CONTINUOUS Example 1
What were you doing yesterday evening?
Reflect on describing past routines.
Describes an action continuing during a specific timeframe.
Example: “I was doing my homework all evening yesterday.”
Time-bound action focus.
Indicates the duration of the action using “all evening.”
PAST CONTINUOUS Example 2
What were you doing when Peter came home?
Focus on the use of “when” for interruptions.
Describes an ongoing action interrupted by another.
Example: “When Peter came home, I was doing my homework.”
Interrupted action focus.
“When” highlights the interrupting action in the sentence.
PAST CONTINUOUS Example 3
How do you describe multiple actions happening at once?
Reflect on simultaneous actions in the past.
Used for describing two or more actions occurring at the same time.
Example: “I was doing my homework and my brother was playing computer games.”
Parallel action focus.
Helps show overlapping activities that occurred in the past.
PAST CONTINUOUS Example 4
How do you describe a story’s background?
Focus on creating mood or setting.
Used to describe the atmosphere or scene before the main event.
Example: “It was getting darker and darker and it was snowing heavily; suddenly, there was…”
Storytelling focus.
NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS
What are non-progressive verbs?
Reflect on their inability to take continuous forms.
Non-progressive verbs describe states, feelings, or perceptions and are not typically used in continuous tenses.
Examples: “know,” “love,” “like,” “believe,” “live.”
State and emotion focus.
If used in continuous form, they indicate temporary situations (e.g., “I am living in Ankara these days”).
NON-PROGRESSIVE in PAST CONTINUOUS
Can non-progressive verbs ever be used in Past Continuous?
Reflect on temporary situations.
Non-progressive verbs can appear in Past Continuous to express temporary states or actions.
Examples: “I was living in Ankara these days.” “I was reading a book when I had time.”
Temporary condition focus.
Context dictates whether the continuous form implies a temporary situation.
COMMON TIME EXPRESSIONS
What time expressions are common with Past Continuous?
Focus on duration or specific timeframes.
Expressions like “all day,” “whole day,” “those times,” or “all evening” highlight duration.
Example: “We were discussing something all evening.”
Duration emphasis focus.
Often used to describe actions that lasted for a significant period.
AS/WHILE vs. WHEN USAGE
How are “as/while” and “when” used with Past Continuous?
Reflect on their typical pairing with tenses.
“As” or “while” often pair with Past Continuous to describe simultaneous actions; “when” pairs with Simple Past for interruptions.
Examples: “While I was doing my homework, my dad came home.” “I was doing my homework when my dad came home.”
Action pairing focus.
“While” emphasizes ongoing actions, while “when” introduces an interrupting event.
PAST CONTINUOUS - Temporary States
How does Past Continuous express temporary situations?
Focus on its flexibility in describing non-permanent actions.
Temporary situations are often described with verbs like “live” or “stay.”
Example: “I was living in Ankara during my studies.”
Temporary action focus.
Indicates a short-term or transitional period.
PAST CONTINUOUS Example 1
How do time expressions emphasize duration in Past Continuous?
Reflect on the use of “all day” or “all evening.”
Time expressions highlight actions continuing for a specific period in the past.
Example: “We were discussing something all evening.”
Duration focus.
Common in sentences to describe extended past actions.
AS/WHILE Example
How do “as” or “while” describe simultaneous actions?
Focus on Past Continuous for ongoing activities.
“As” or “while” is paired with Past Continuous to show simultaneous past actions.
Example: “While I was doing my homework, my dad came home.”
Simultaneous action focus.
Describes two events happening at the same time in the past.
WHEN Example
How does “when” signal interruption in Past Continuous?
Focus on pairing with Simple Past for interrupting events.
“When” introduces the action that interrupts an ongoing one.
Example: “I was doing my homework when my dad came home.”
Interruption focus.
Indicates a sudden or short action that disrupted the ongoing event.
WHEN/WHILE RULE
How are “when” and “while” used with Past Continuous?
Reflect on their placement and function in sentences.
“When” introduces actions in Simple Past that interrupt ongoing actions; “while” is used with Past Continuous for simultaneous actions.
Examples: “I met with my parents while I was shopping.” “Where were you going when I saw you?”
Interruption and simultaneity focus.
When “when/while” starts a sentence, a comma separates it from the second clause.
WHEN Example
How does “when” emphasize interruptions in the past?
Focus on pairing Past Continuous with Simple Past.
“When” highlights the moment an ongoing action was interrupted.
Examples: “What were they watching when the baby woke up?” “My friends were studying when I entered the room.”
Interruption focus.
“When” typically signals a short, completed action disrupting a longer, ongoing one.
WHILE Example
How does “while” show simultaneous past actions?
Focus on the ongoing nature of both actions.
“While” emphasizes two actions occurring at the same time in the past.
Examples: “I met with my parents while I was shopping.” “While I was having a chat with my friend, he was eating his lunch.”
Simultaneous action focus.
“While” introduces background actions that continue alongside each other.
NEGATIVE USAGE
How do you use Past Continuous with “when” or “while” in negative sentences?
Reflect on negating the continuous action.
Use Past Continuous in negative form to show actions that were not occurring during the event.
Example: “Ayşe wasn’t listening to music when her father arrived.”
Negative focus.
“Wasn’t” or “weren’t” negates the action in Past Continuous.
WHEN/WHILE - Comma Rule
Why is a comma used when “when” or “while” starts the sentence?
Focus on punctuation rules.
A comma separates the dependent clause starting with “when” or “while” from the main clause.
Example: “While I was having a chat with my friend, he was eating his lunch.”
Punctuation focus.
Commas improve readability and clarity in complex sentences.
WHEN Example 1
What were they watching when the baby woke up?
Reflect on the action interrupted by the baby’s waking.
Describes an interrupted ongoing action (Past Continuous) by a sudden event (Simple Past).
Example: “What were they watching when the baby woke up?”
Interrupted action focus.
“When” introduces the baby waking as the interrupting event.
WHILE Example 1
What were you doing while you were shopping?
Reflect on simultaneous ongoing actions.
“While” connects two actions happening at the same time.
Example: “I met with my parents while I was shopping.”
Simultaneous activity focus.
Describes overlapping past actions with continuous verbs.
NEGATIVE Example
What was Ayşe doing when her father arrived?
Focus on the action Ayşe was not doing.
Describes an event Ayşe was not engaged in while something else happened.
Example: “Ayşe wasn’t listening to music when her father arrived.”
Negative action focus.
Highlights the absence of activity at the time of the interrupting event.
Requesting
How do we make polite requests?
Focus on modal verbs like “can,” “could,” and “may.”
Requests often use polite modal verbs to ask for help, items, or actions.
Examples: “May I have some coffee, please?” “Could I have a glass of water, please?” “Would you help me with those bags?”
Requesting action focus.
Avoid “may you,” as “may” is not typically used for asking others for permission.
Requesting Example 1
How do you politely ask for a drink?
Reflect on formal and informal phrasing.
“May” is formal and polite; “can” and “could” are more casual.
Formal: “May I have some coffee, please?” Informal: “Can I have some coffee, please?”
Drink request focus.
“May I” is more appropriate in formal settings, like speaking to a stranger or superior.
Requesting Example 2
How do you ask for help with bags?
Focus on requests using “would.”
“Would you” softens the request and shows respect.
Example: “Would you help me with those bags?”
Assistance focus.
This is common when asking for favors or assistance in daily situations.
Permission
How do you ask for permission?
Focus on modal verbs like “can,” “could,” and “may.”
Permission requests are typically made with “I” or “we” as the subject.
Examples: “Dad, can I go out today?” “Could I use your computer?” “May I go now?”
Asking permission focus.
“May” sounds formal; “can” and “could” are more casual or polite depending on the situation.
Permission Example 1
How do you ask your dad for permission to go out?
Reflect on informal use of “can.”
“Can” is suitable for casual conversations, especially with close family.
Example: “Dad, can I go out today?”
Informal permission focus.
“Can” is more direct and often used in informal, familiar contexts.
Permission Example 2
How do you ask to use someone’s computer politely?
Reflect on using “could” for polite requests.
“Could I” softens the request, making it sound considerate and less demanding.
Example: “Could I use your computer?”
Polite permission focus.
This is appropriate for requests to colleagues, acquaintances, or in semi-formal situations.
Permission Example 3
How do you formally ask if you can leave?
Focus on using “may” for formal permission.
“May I” is used in formal or professional settings for politeness and respect.
Example: “May I go now?”
Formal permission focus.
Often used in workplace or academic contexts where politeness is emphasized.
Offers
How do you make polite offers?
Focus on using “would you like” for politeness.
“Would you like” is commonly used for offers, invitations, and suggestions.
Examples: “Would you like to go out tonight?” “Would you like to come to the cinema with us?” “Would you like a cup of coffee?”
Polite offering focus.
Offering with “would you like” is seen as warm and inviting in both formal and informal settings.
Offers Example 1
How do you invite someone to go out tonight?
Reflect on using “would you like” for invitations.
“Would you like” is polite and inclusive, inviting the person to join.
Example: “Would you like to go out tonight?”
Invitation focus.
A common way to ask someone about joining social plans or activities.
Offers Example 2
How do you offer someone coffee?
Focus on offering refreshments.
Offers using “would you like” are considered polite and hospitable.
Example: “Would you like a cup of coffee?”
Refreshments focus.
A courteous way to offer drinks or food in both casual and formal situations.
Replies to Offers
How do you respond to an offer politely?
Focus on polite acceptance or refusal.
Replies include polite phrases like “Yes, please” or “No, thank you.”
Example: “Would you like a cup of coffee?” “I am busy, but I’ll see what I can do.”
Acceptance/refusal focus.
Even when declining, responses should remain polite to maintain respect and consideration.
Would You Mind? Usage
What does “Would you mind?” mean?
Reflect on its extremely polite tone.
“Would you mind?” is used to make very polite requests, often implying “If it’s not too much trouble.”
Example: “Would you mind closing the window, please? It’s cold here.”
Politeness focus.
Commonly used in both formal and informal settings to show respect while requesting.
Verb Form After
What verb form follows “Would you mind?”
Reflect on the structure of the sentence.
The verb following “Would you mind?” must always be in the gerund (-ing) form.
Example: “Would you mind closing the window, please?”
Grammar focus.
The -ing form describes the requested action politely without being direct.
Would You Mind? Example 1
How do you ask politely for someone to close a window?
Focus on using “Would you mind?” for specific requests.
This phrase makes the request polite and considerate.
Example: “Would you mind closing the window, please? It’s cold here.”
Window-closing request focus.
Adding “please” emphasizes politeness further, especially for formal contexts.
Would You Mind If? Usage
How does “Would you mind if” make a request even politer?
Reflect on its use with past-tense verbs.
“Would you mind if” introduces a hypothetical or indirect question, making the request softer and more respectful.
Examples: “Would you mind if I used your phone?” “Would you mind if I parked my car behind yours?”
Hypothetical request focus.
Despite the use of past tense, it refers to present or future actions, not past events.
Would You Mind If? Example 1
How do you ask to use someone’s phone politely?
Reflect on using “Would you mind if” for requests.
This is a very polite way to ask for permission for an action.
Example: “Would you mind if I used your phone? I need to call my father ASAP.”
Phone-usage request focus.
Using “would you mind” softens the request and shows respect for the person’s belongings.
Would You Mind If? Example 2
How do you ask to park behind someone’s car?
Focus on requests involving actions needing permission.
This phrase is appropriate for polite requests that could cause minor inconvenience.
Example: “Would you mind if I parked my car behind yours? I will get in and out quickly.”
Parking request focus.
Adding an explanation or assurance (“I will get in and out quickly”) further softens the request.
Replies to Would You Mind?
How do you reply to “Would you mind” politely?
Reflect on positive and negative responses.
Replies can be positive (“Sure,” “No problem”) or negative (“No, I do mind”) but should always aim to remain polite.
Examples: Positive: “Sure,” “I wouldn’t mind.” Negative: “No, go away.”
Response focus.
In informal settings, negative replies can be humorous or casual, depending on the tone.
Prepositions: ON vs. ABOVE
What’s the difference between “on” and “above”?
Reflect on physical contact vs. lack of contact.
“On” implies direct contact with a surface, while “above” indicates being higher without contact.
Examples: “The book is on the table.” “The ceiling fan is above the table.”
Physical vs. spatial focus.
Use “on” for surfaces and “above” for items in the air or not touching the surface.
Preposition: OUT
What does “out” indicate in place-related contexts?
Focus on being outside or beyond a location.
“Out” indicates movement to or being outside a specific place.
Example: “I am out of the house right now.”
Outside focus.
Often paired with “of” to indicate movement from within a space.
Preposition: OUT OF
What does “out of” mean in context?
Reflect on movement from inside to outside.
“Out of” emphasizes leaving a contained or enclosed space.
Example: “Attention, the lion is out of the cage!”
Escape or external movement focus.
Frequently used to warn about situations where something moves beyond its expected place.
Prepositions: UNDER vs. BELOW
What’s the difference between “under” and “below”?
Focus on physical location vs. abstract reference.
“Under” refers to being directly beneath something; “below” is often used for height or levels.
Example: “The shoes are under the bed.” “The Dead Sea is below sea level.”
Physical vs. abstract focus.
Use “under” for objects and “below” for metrics like temperature or height.
Prepositions: BETWEEN vs. AMONG
What’s the difference between “between” and “among”?
Reflect on the number of items involved.
“Between” is for two items; “among” is for three or more.
Example: “The house is located among the trees.” “She is so popular among her friends.”
Numerical distinction focus.
Use “between” for distinct separations and “among” for being surrounded by multiple elements.
Prepositions Example 1
How do you describe something beneath a surface?
Reflect on “under” as the appropriate preposition.
“Under” is used when something is physically beneath another object.
Example: “The cat is under the table.”
Beneath surface focus.
“Under” emphasizes direct coverage or shelter beneath something.
Prepositions Example 2
How do you describe a location surrounded by trees?
Reflect on “among” as the appropriate preposition.
“Among” is used when something is surrounded by multiple elements.
Example: “The house is located among the trees.”
Surrounded focus.
Commonly used to describe settings with no distinct separations.
NEW PHRASE: Come on, get me
What does “Come on, get me” mean?
Focus on its casual and playful tone.
This phrase is often used to challenge or provoke someone humorously.
Example: “Come on, get me if you can!”
Challenge or teasing focus.
Used in informal situations, typically with friends or during playful interactions
Comparative Formation
How are comparatives formed for one-syllable adjectives?
Focus on the addition of “-er.”
“-er” is added to one-syllable adjectives to form comparatives. If the word ends in a vowel and consonant (e.g., “big”), the consonant is doubled.
Examples: “A tortoise is slower than a rabbit.” “Arnold is stronger than Tom.”
One-syllable rule focus.
The doubling rule applies to avoid awkward pronunciations, such as “biger” becoming “bigger.”
Two-Syllable Formation
How are comparatives formed for adjectives ending in -y?
Reflect on the rule for -y endings.
For adjectives ending in -y, the -y changes to -ier to form the comparative.
Example: “He is happier than me.”
Two-syllable rule focus.
“-y” changes to “-ier” to make the word easier to pronounce (e.g., “angry → angrier”).
More for Longer Words
How are comparatives formed for longer adjectives?
Focus on adjectives with two or more syllables.
Adjectives with two or more syllables (except those ending in -y) use “more” instead of “-er.”
Example: “These questions are more difficult than the previous ones.”
Multi-syllable rule focus.
Longer words avoid “-er” because adding it would make pronunciation clunky and awkward.
